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3079 results in Jagiellonian University Press

Page 60 of 154

  • Winter's law in nasal-infix verbs in Baltic

  • Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Barbara Podolak, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Words and Dictionaries
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    18 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 367-378

  • Summary

    (obj-d)Winter's law (WL) specifies the prehistoric glottalisation, traditionally known as acuting, of a vowel in Balto-Slavic (BSl.) when followed by a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) media, either immediately or with intervening resonant (Winter 1978; Kortlandt 1978b etc. etc.; Young 1990, 1991). The PIE mediae are now recognised by many scholars to have been preglottalised stops despite continued symbolisation as plain voiced stops (b d g etc.). The same acuting can also be the reflex of any of the three PIE consonants called laryngeals.

    The principal languages in which acute syllables have a contour of intensity phonemically opposed to a non-acute (“circumflex” contour or simple brevity) fall into two groups. In Lithuanian and SerboCroat, the glottalisation tended to shut down the intensity of the latter part of the vowel or diphthong resulting in a contour of falling intensity. In philological works this is marked in Lithuanian by an acute (´) over vowels and either an acute or a grave (`) over the first component of diphthongs, including those whose second component is m, n, r or l; and in SerboCroat by a double grave (``). In Latvian, Old Prussian and Slovene, on the other hand, a glottal squeeze led to an enhancement of the latter part of the vowel's or diphthong's acoustic intensity resulting in a rising or level contour marked in Latvian by a tilde (sustained tone) on syllables already accented by Hirt's law or earlier and by the French circumflex (broken tone) on other syllables; in the Old Prussian Enchiridion by a macron over vowels and the second component of diphthongs ending in i or u; and in Slovene by an acute (´).

    Non-acute is indicated in Lithuanian by over long vowels and the second component of diphthongs, and by (`) over short vowels; in Latvian and Old Prussian by (`) and, respectively, over the first component of diphthongs and by nothing over vowels; in SerboCroat and Slovene sometimes by, but the situation in the Slavic languages is generally more complicated than in the Baltic. (On the Old Prussian markings see, e.g. Schmalstieg 1974: 22–24; Endzelin 1944: 28–31).

  • Chapter II - An analysis of Novels XI and CXXXI

  • Stanisław Turlej, Jagiellonian University
  • Book:
    Justiniana Prima
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 47-86

  • Summary

    An analysis of Novel XI

    Novel XI has not been the subject of a comprehensive legal or historical analysis until now. The reason for this is probably the impermanence of the changes it introduced in the Church organisation, and, most importantly, its unclear wording. Legal analyses usually only note the fact of its existence among the other constitutions devoted to ecclesiastical matters; at most, they specify that it concerned the establishment and prerogatives of the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima, or mention its local significance. On the other hand, in broadly defined historical works, Novel XI has been known and repeatedly used, mainly for the purpose of collecting data. The changes which it introduced in the Church organisation of Illyricum are generally cited, not infrequently in the context of the situation of this region in Late Antiquity or Justinian's relations with the papacy. Novel XI was and still is treated as an important source for the history of the territories on the Danube and in Illyricum in the 5th and 6th centuries. This mainly concerns the information about the local praetorian prefecture and the division of this territory between the Eastern and Western Empire. The data from this source are equally important for reconstructing the situation in the territories adjacent to the Danube, where the Empire was involved in disputes with the Ostrogoths and the Gepids.

    So far, the intrinsic importance of Novel XI as a historical source has not been appreciated, although it not only provides information about an important modification of the ecclesiastical organisation but also deserves special attention as a legal act. The philological analysis suggesting that the preparation of this constitution should be attributed to Tribonian, one of the most outstanding jurists and a close collaborator of Justinian, not only did not inspire reflection but exerted almost no impact. Regardless of the question whether a philological study can allow us to attribute the authorship of individual laws to specific imperial officials solely on the basis of analysing the vocabulary or grammar structures, it remains an indisputable fact that there is a need to look at this account as at an official document creating a new legal environment, grounded in the reality of the time, which was probably prepared by some of the most outstanding jurists of the era.

  • Lueli

  • Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Barbara Podolak, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Words and Dictionaries
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    18 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 275-280

  • Summary

    Lueli

    In den Diarii von Marino Sanudo kommt an zwei Stellen das Wort Lueli vor:

    Da basso havea facto uno Lueli et altri officiali, et feva far cride come soldam, che ognum stesse de bona voglia che non li seria fato dispiacer, el prometeva per mamalucho et zilebo che vegniva con lui ducati 300 (Fulin et al. 1879–1903, vol. 1: 637).

    L'1rmiragio Lueli, dal Cajaro, che era pur da questa parte, fuzendo fo amazado da’ arabi. Era uno valentissimo homo; ma ne amazò molti di lhoro avanti che lui fusse morto (ibid.: 638).

    Die Zitate stammen aus einem Brief der venezianischen Vertretung in Alexandria an den vormaligen Konsul Alvise Raimondo: «Copia de una lettera di Alexandria venuta. Nara di le nove dil Cajero […]. Data in Alexandria a dì […] marzo 1497 scrita per il capelan dil consolo a domino Alovisio Arimondo, olim consolo stato in Alexandria» (ibid.: 635 und 639). Da die Ausgabe der Diarii nicht kommentiert ist, finden sich dort keine näheren Erläuterungen. Der Index der Personennamen verzeichnet «Lueli emiro” (ibid.: 1189). Auch Nallino, die die Passagen mit Bezug zu Ägypten in Sanudo kommentiert, kann mit dem Wort nichts anfangen: «aveva concesso promozioni a varie persone, fra cui un certo Lueli (?), uomo valentissimo» (Nallino 1965: 421).

    An einer weiteren Stelle der Diarii (des Jahres 1505) wird lueli dann mit Minuskel geschrieben:

    Vi aricordemo esser amizi di la nation nostra, Corcomas, che al presente è armirajo grando, et similiter Osdomur, diodar grando; item, e ‘l catibiser, etiamel lueli, nominato Alam, fo signor in Alexandria, et quelli altri vi aricordarà li nostri mercadanti (Fulin et al. 1879–1903, vol. 6: 206).

    Ähnliche Belege finden sich bereits in früheren Texten. Im Jahre 1442 bestätigte der Mamluken-Sultan Az-Zahir Saif ad-Din Dschaqmaq (Regierungszeit 1438–1453) dem venezianischen Botschafter in Kairo, Andrea Donato, die Freigabe zweier beschlagnahmter Schiffe und die Freilassung der Mannschaften2. In der lateinischen Präambel und im darauf folgenden Text in Volgare ist von luellum bzw. luelli die Rede:

    Aliud mandatum domini sultani acquisitum per prefatum spectabilem dominum Andrea Donato, militem, dignissimum oratorem etc. ad luellum Cairi (Amari 1863: 354).

  • Introduction

  • Henryk Głębocki, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    A Disastrous Matter
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 13-16

  • Summary

    In the 19st century the “Polish Question” – the attempts made by the people of Poland to recover their country's political independence and restore its statehood, and above all the effect of the Polish independence movement on international relations – was one of the fundamental problems destabilising the political order in East-Central Europe, especially on the western peripheries of the Russian Empire. However, seldom have these issues been examined from the point of view of 19st-century Russians. This book sets out to present the Polish-Russian conflict the way the elite of Russian society saw it, in the “Russia that started at the bottom rung of the ladder for social climbers,” as Alexander Herzen put it sarcastically.

    One of the chief research topics in this book is the interaction between Russian public opinion, or rather the germs of Russian public opinion, and the policy the Empire pursued on its uncompliant subjects, and the impact the Polish conflict had on the evolution of Russian political ideas and movements.

    In 19st-century Russia there were no legal political organisations, alongside a dearth of social institutions, for the expression of citizens’ opinions, so the only way public opinion could be voiced was through the influential newspapers and magazines. This often resulted in the treatment of “what the papers said” as the equivalent of public opinion. But it also stimulated the rise of propaganda disseminated through periodicals which enjoyed a large circulation (large for those times), addressed to readers at home and for reception abroad, with the intention of shaping opinion the way the Russian authorities wanted it shaped. This state of affairs has obliged me to take at least the basics of the official propaganda into consideration, for the composition of this book, which addresses political ideas. In Chapter III I look at the way the propaganda worked, its extent and its results.

    There is still no comprehensive analysis of the position of the Polish question in Russian thought and policy on Poland in the post-partitional period. The bibliography in this book presents a list of the principal publications on this issue.

  • Chapter 2 - Media Systems

  • from Part 1
  • Boguslaw Nierenberg, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Media Management
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 37-56

  • Summary

    Systematic methodology as a way of scientific research was born in the 1930s because of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, who introduced its framework during the course of a psychological seminar at the University of Chicago. However, his methodology was not completely original. Reference to the system concept can be found in works of Gottfried W. Leibniz, Karola Marks, George W. F. Hegl, Vilfred Paret or Talcott Parsons, and even in the works of ancient philosophers. Aristotle is actually the author of a formulation that says: “In the case of all things which have several parts and in which the totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something beside the parts, there is a cause; for even in bodies contact is the cause of unity in some cases, and in others viscosity or some other such quality [Aristotle 2003: 337].” These words are commonly interpreted as key for systems theory, and denote that completeness is more than a sum of components.

    Systemic Conceptions

    Ludwig von Bertalanffy should be considered the forerunner of the modern systemic method of research. In an article entitled The Theory of Open Systems in Physics and Biology, he off ered that objects undergoing research should be treated as open systems, i.e. set of elements connected in such a way that they create a new entity standing out in the environment. [Bertalanffy 1950: 23–29] Open systems may be treated as the most general definition of a system. Bertalanffy himself was baffled by the simplicity and universality of the preferred research method. He wrote that if we define the notion of a system properly we will notice that there are models and rules that may be applied to generalized systems independently of their type, their constituents and forces acting on them [Bertalanffy 1984: 63]. Initially unappreciated, the general theory of systems soon gained its adherents.

  • V - On Poetic Antonyms in the Poem Огнот не знае, пепелта не знае (Fire Does Not Know, Ashes Does Not Know) by Petre M. Andreevski

  • from B - LANGUAGE IN THE DISCOURSE: MACEDONIAN – POLISH
  • Maciej Kawka, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Macedonian Discourses
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 205-211

  • Summary

    Antonyms indicate semantic opposition, contrast with another word, antonyms are expressions with opposite meaning, for example hot-cold, smart-stupid, satiated-hungry. Poetic antonimy used by P.M. Andreevski in his poem Fire Does Not Know, Ashes Does Not Know belongs here: ashes instead of, for example: fire : water, athough this kind of juxtaposition is usualy found in sentence antonyms.

    Antonyms take prominent place in structural descriptions of language lexis. Since the very beginning of structural linguistics development, its representatives emphasized the importance and the meaning of this relation for paradigmatic opposition in language (i.e. in the system).

    Placed in lexicographic and word formation descriptions of meaning, the relationships between lexemes, as are the synonyms, antonyms and hyponyms, can established and organize the relations between words, but without any description of the way they function in text. The thesis that the language unites are not autonomous (depending on the context) allowed us to consider them in larger groups of words – semantic fields: paradigmatic (associative) and syntagmatic. Word formation theory also considers words and groups of words in isolation – isolated, i.e. outside of the text. This is especially true when it comes to structural methodology in language description.

    Primary antonyms (these include adjectives and words included in the comparison system, for example nouns: човек (почовек, најчовек) – нечовек (понечовек, најнечовек) can be graded, for example young – old, younger – older, smart – smarter, stupid – more stupid, however, they do not indicate independent opposite qualities since they serve as lexical means for expression of gradation and comparison (for example tall – taller, old – older – oldest) (Antonyms build the paradigm on the basis of their positive pair, and hence, the opposite word will appear in all forms, emphasizing the absence of the characteristic of the positive pair.) Pairs of complementary antonyms are words in which negation of one part carries information that represents anassertion: тој е оженет – тој е неженет (he is married – he is not married). These are lexemes which are mutually excludable and opposing, for example ден и ноќ, жив и мртов (day and night, alive and dead).

  • Chapter 6 - Management of Advertising

  • from Part 2
  • Boguslaw Nierenberg, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Media Management
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    10 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 105-122

  • Summary

    Advertising is one on the most essential elements of the media market. For commercial media, it is the most significant, as advertising revenues constitute the basis of many organizations’ upkeep. They have become an essential agent between producers or service providers and their consumers. The contemporary media landscape does not exist without commercials. Therefore, the ability to manage advertisements is one of the crucial elements of general media management.

    Similar to any other innovation, media organizations that enter the market are characterized by a course of diffusion. In the initial course period only a few people make use of a given medium. Yet, as it becomes widespread, it enters a period of profitability to become a mass medium in its third stage. This diffusion period then undergoes a continuous shortening. Let us make use of figures from the United States as an example. The first nation-wide newspaper was published in 1672 and needed 160 years in order to become a mass medium. For magazines it took 110 years, for radio it took 30, and for television it only took 10 years.

    John M. Lavine, Daniel B. Wackman [1988: 22–24] accentuate three major reasons for an accelerated diffusion:

  • Curtailment of working hours resulting in the extension of time-off which in turn led to an increase in media consumption, especially when electronic media became widespread

  • Electronic media required more minor skills from viewers than printed media, e.g. the ability to read (J. M. Lavine, D. B. Wackman point out that the diffusing of media connected with computers was slower than that of television)

  • Technological changes in media accelerate the diffusion process.

    • Such a multitude of competitive media is highly importance for media management. It means that it is essential to use every competitive advantage in order to defeat competitors and acquire new consumers. Secondly, rapid changes taking place inside the media should make managers focus primarily on the management of changes in the realms of technology, employees and media consumers. The aforementioned authors emphasize that the last 50 years of the 20th century stood for stable expenditures on media consumption.

  • Distinguishing Kipchak and Turkish words in Polish documents

  • Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Barbara Podolak, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Words and Dictionaries
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    18 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 139-148

  • Summary

    General remarks

    It is a well-known fact that language contact leads to adoption of some elements of lexicon and structure of a language into another. Since the influence of Turkish on Polish resulted in the adoption of Turkish lexical units by Polish, Polish studies concentrated on loanwords. Although the definition of the loanword is simple and does not seem to raise problems, in practice the researcher is often faced with the difficulty if a lexical unit is the loanword or not. The first problem to be solved is the border between the loanword and the foreign word. The loanword mostly designates a word taken from another language and at least partly adapted or naturalized, whereas the foreign word retains its foreignness. It is true that some authors do not distinguish these two types of borrowed words, e.g. in Crystal's dictionary (1991: 205) the loan is defined as “a linguistic unit (usually a lexical item) which has come to be used in a language or dialect other than the one where it originated” in a general way and there is no entry like the foreign word at all. Until this question is not solved, the researcher has to pick up all Turkic words from the documents which suggest that these words were used. At this point another problem arises, namely what is real use and what is just occasional record of a word. Unfortunately, from written documents it is not always clear whether a Turkic word was of common use, appeared in literature for fashion, orientalization, an author's own taste, was part of special lexicon, or just a quoted word. In my opinion it is not correct to quote foreign words from modern or 20th-century encyclopedias in a dictionary of loanwords, as Turek does in his dictionary of the Arabic loanwords in Polish, e.g. fikh ‘Muslim canonical jurisprudence’ (Turek 2001: 198). It is absolutely clear that fikh in Turek's dictionary is just a foreign encyclopedic term and not a loanword.

    This problem does not only apply to modern or relatively recent documents, but also to former texts. It seems that the criterion of selection of the documents in which we can speak of loanwords is not well defined and consistently used by the researchers.

  • I - Textual Categories of Time and Space in Folk Tales by Marko K. Cepenkov

  • from C - FOLKLORE
  • Maciej Kawka, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Macedonian Discourses
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 233-238

  • Summary

    Textual categories, unlike morphological and syntactical or lexical ones, perform at higher levels of expression and are related to the internal organization and pragmatic properties of text. In regards to grammatical characteristics of textual categories, Danuta Ostaszewska writes that this phenomenon hasn't been linguistically analyzed in detail, yet, primarily because there are not enough scientific texts belonging to different functional styles. Researchers of text structure and cohesion include the following in textual categories: informativeness, modality, delimitation, segmentation, coherence, completeness (integration, unification), completion, linear continuity (continuum), autosemantics, repetition, collection, thematisation. Here, A. Wilkoń also includes the semantic category person, as well as the category author, narrator, reader (receiver), time and space. Therefore – as the author notes – text can be studied as a process, an action (linguistic action) or as a final product. The former being dynamic and the latter a static study. From communicational point of view, the former is considered to be more correct. Among other things, this was decisive for the more frequent research in whether texts perform from dynamic aspect, during their creation, or if they are linguistic products, in which case, those closest to communicational acting should undergo analysis. Folk tales belong to this type of texts.

    Most characteristic trait of South Slavic folk tales collected by Marko K. Cepenkov is the marking of cohesion of narrative text through different linguistic means belonging to author's narration. This is related to the dominant role of the person who wrote the text down and its properties for creative transformation and secondary text editing expressed by the informer, and more often, fulfilled (expressed) from memory

    These include those expressions and linguistic means that primarily fulfill metatextual functions in text merging and concern only the text that follows or proceeds them connecting its elements in cohesive and coherent whole. The following can be found among them:

  • •арно ама (…арно ама Силјан беше фатил еден лош пат; 2/137).

  • 5 - The professional situation of women and men in Poland – declarations and reality

  • Ewa Okoń-Horodyńska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Anna Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Statistical Profiles of Women's and Men's Status in the Economy, Science and Society
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 91-106

  • Summary

    Abstract

    The existing legislation in Poland, both national and international, provides equal professional rights to women and men. The declared professional equality, however, is not synonymous with equality in practice, since the impact on the realities are, admittedly regulations, but also tradition or socio-cultural norms. The aim of this study is to assess the situation of women and men in Poland and the research covers the years 2000–2012. The study justifies the statement that during the period considered the professional situation of women compared unfavourably to that of men. The realities were therefore different from the declarations of equality. The causes of this state of affairs did not stem from economic factors or legislation – it must be assumed that the worse situation of women in Poland resulted primarily from existing traditions and socio-cultural norms.

    Key words: professional equality, regulation, labour market, Poland

    Introduction

    In Poland, equal rights for men and women in the workplace – as in other spheres of life – are covered by laws both domestic and international. The most important domestic legislation is undoubtedly the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 2 April 1997, providing men and women with equal rights to employment and promotion, and to equal pay for work of equal value (Constitution of RP 1997 art. 33 para 2). In terms of international regulation the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women dated 18.12.1979 passed by the General Assembly of the United Nations is noteworthy, where in the field of work the following rights are guaranteed: the right to permanent work and equal working conditions, equal employment opportunities and equal criteria for selection, the right to choose an occupation and employment, promotion and access to training, equal pay for work of equal value and to social security (art. 11).

    Poland's integration with the European Union resulted in the need to adapt national legislation to EU legislation, which resulted in both the amendment of existing legislation and the introduction of a number of new solutions. From the point of view of the subject of discussion in this study – the most important rules in this field before accession include amendments made to the Labour Code of 1974 and the establishment of an institution with the task of equalising professional opportunities for women.

  • From an E-narrative Poem towards an Interactive Work of Art. Media Convergence Illustrated with DOWN by Zenon Fajfer and The Surprising Spiral by Ken Feingold

  • from LITERATURE AND CONVERGENCE
  • Edited by Jarosława Płuciennika, Peter Gärdenfors
  • Book:
    On-line/Off-line
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 371-400

  • Summary

    Abstract

    The text, using the example of a work belonging to the literary style (Spoglądając przez ozonową dziurę [Detect Ozone Hole Nearby] by Zenon Fajfer) and the interactive art (the in-stallation The Surprising Spiral by Ken Feingold) analyses the idiosyncracy of works posi-tioning themselves at the borderland of media and literature, works both literary (textual, narrative and poetic) as well as media ones (changeable, iconic, set in a computer program, double-indirect), paying attention to the meaningfulness of the disciplines borderland (in this case literary and media studies).The author stresses the reasonableness of the question asked by Katarzyna Bazarnik, whether, by accident, the “Darwinian” evolution of species continues. In the author's opinion, based on her observation of works belonging to the literary style and the discussed work The Surprising Spiral by Ken Feingold, this question should get a positive answer. And possibly, as an effect of initiation, which has already happened, we will soon be entering the museum-gallery space not only in order to look but also to read.

    Key words: liberature, Zenon Fajfer, Ken Feingold, borderland of media and literature, new media

    The sheet of paper is not transparent, not in the least. This is only an illusion. We can no longer pretend that it is not here. It is. It has always been. It was and it had a nice smell. If I wanted a transparent page, I would use a transparent sheet.

    it in glass. The text will hover in the air, and the reader will be able to look at its members as if (possibly) God looks at us through the ozone hole. If I want a fully transparent page, I will print my text on a transparency and bind

    What will I bind it in? In glass? Why not? Who said that a book must always look like «a book»? After all, this is only a convention that everybody follows automatically. […] The book may even look like a bottle. What's more, it may be a bottle. But Eyeing Like Ozone Whole (2004) is a book like any other.But a book that cannot look otherwise. Because its form is dictated by the text.[…]

    The creative act (often) begins from reflection on the structure of the book, and the act of reading (always) begins from taking the book in hand. A differ-ent book structure is tantamount to a different physics.

  • Gothic aibr ‘gift, offering’

  • Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Barbara Podolak, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Words and Dictionaries
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    18 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 287-296

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Presumably, no word form in the Gothic corpus is more debated than aibr. It is found only once, in Matthew 5:23, and appears to be a translation of the Greek word δῶρον ‘gift, offering’. This is a neuter noun as shown by the following attributive possessive tein ‘your (sg.)’. The phrase stands in the accusative singular as the object of the Gothic bairan ‘to bring, carry, bear’. Notice also that in the following verse, the same Greek word is translated twice with the Gothic feminine noun giba, or ‘gift’. In (1) below, the Gothic and Greek texts of the verses in question have been put side by side to facilitate comparison, with an English translation below. Jesus is speaking.

    The form aibr obviously needs an explanation. The question is whether it is a genuine Gothic form, possibly having cognates in other Germanic and/ or Indo-European languages, or whether scribal error created it, and if so, what is the right form? Then, it is to be stressed that there is no doubt about the reading aibr.

    Suggested conjectures and etymologies

    In this section, several conjectures and other explanations of the form aibr are listed and briefly commented on (cf. Maßmann 1857: 596). The lists in (2) and (3) below are not claimed to be exhaustive but almost so, that is, they surely contain the greatest part of all the attempts that have been made to account for the Gothic aibr.

    Suggested etymologies for aibr

    Here follows an overview of the attempts to explain aibr when it is accepted without any emendation of the form (cf. Must 1978: 156).

    (2) List of proposed etymologies for aibr.

  • Vollmer (1846: 281–282) connected aibr with OHG eibar ‘harsh’ (austerus acerbus immanis durus), in Lower Saxony and Switzerland iver ‘rivalry’ (aemulatio fervor ira), and in NHG Eifer ‘fervour’. The common stem is eiban aif ibum ibans, corresponding literally to the Greek οἴϕειν ‘concumbere’, οἴϕ. γυναῖκα ‘inire feminam’. Additionally, eiban (root ib if) had more or less the same meaning as aban (root ab af).

  • I Write. You Write. They Write. The Literary Works of Fandom as a Factor in Integrating the Community

  • from ON-LINE/ OFF-LINE
  • Edited by Jarosława Płuciennika, Peter Gärdenfors
  • Book:
    On-line/Off-line
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 63-74

  • Summary

    Abstract

    Fanfiction is a fiction based on situations and characters that have been created by someone else. It is written by fans who use original texts to create their own art and culture. Writing fanfiction is something that fans do together. They discuss original texts, share their views and opinions about plot and characters, and create common interpretation that can be used by other fandom members. They also participate in creating new texts by commenting on fanficks published by other fans. Writing is not only a way to express fans opinions about their favourite books and shows, but also an opportunity to spend time with people sharing their interests. Analysis of fan-created texts shows not only its importance to indi-vidual fans, but also a vital role writing fanfiction plays in building fan communities and creating bonds between their members.

    Key words: fanfiction, fan communities, fandom, writing and reading

    Fanfiction is defined as stories set in worlds or using characters created by other authors. The fans write to fill the gaps in original texts, contin-ue familiar stories, or create alternative universes. Most fanfiction is writ-ten within fandom, that is, communities of fans gathering around given works of fiction. Fandom is a subculture whose existence is based on other people's creations; the members take their creations, and use them to cre-ate their own artifacts, as well as build group traditions. The fans rewrite source texts to adapt them to their own needs; they actively participate in culture, and create their own art. Fandom creativity can take different shapes and forms. Apart from works of fiction, one can find examples of visual arts (“fanart”), music (“filk”), and audiovisual arts (“fanvid”). Re-gardless of form, all fandom's creations are based on the source text, which is usually refered to as “canon”. Canon is what binds fans as a group, giv-ing them creative space within which they can act. In a way, canon is the source of group identity, since most fans identify with the groups within which they create. Saying: “I'm a Star Trek fan” means declaring oneself as a member of a group that has its unique traditions, different, for exam-ple, of those cultivated by Harry Potter fans – although, of course, there are many elements that both groups share.

  • Bibliographical notes

  • from LITERATURE AND CONVERGENCE
  • Edited by Jarosława Płuciennika, Peter Gärdenfors
  • Book:
    On-line/Off-line
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 401-402

  • Summary

    Peter Gärdenfors, PhD, (b. 1949)

    Professor in Cognitive Science at Lund University since 1988. Adjunct pro-fessor at University of Technology Sydney since 2012.

    Main current research interests are concept formation, cognitive se-mantics, and the evolution of cognition. His publications include the fol-lowing books: Knowledge in Flux: Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States, MIT Press, 1988. Conceptual Spaces, MIT Press, 2000. How Homo Became Sapiens: On the Evolution of Thinking, Oxford University Press, 2003. The Dynamics of Thought, Springer Verlag, 2005, The Geometry of Meaning: Semantics Based on Conceptual Spaces, MIT Press 2014. Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities since 1996.Member of Academia Europaea since 1999.Member of Leopoldina Deutsche Akademie für Naturforscher since 2004. Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Science since 2009. Member of the Prize Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel since 2011.

    William Powers

    William Powers is the author of the New York Times bestseller, Hamlet's BlackBerry. Widely praised for its insights on the digital future, the book grew out of a paper he wrote as a Shorenstein Fellow at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government. The book has been selected as the Common Read at a number of U.S.colleges and universities and pub-lished in many other languages including Chinese, Korean, Polish, Ger-man and Russian. He is currently a research scientist at the Laboratory for Social Machines at the MIT Media Lab, developing new technologies to solve problems in governance, journalism and other sectors of the pub-lic sphere.A former Washington Post staff writer, he is a two-time winner of the U.S. National Press Club's Rowse Award for best American media commentary. In recent years, he has spoken at South By Southwest, the Aspen Ideas Festival and many other conferences and organizations.

    Jarosław Płuciennik, PhD, (b. 1966)

    Professor Ordinarius of the Humanities at Chair of Theory of Literature, at the Institute of Contemporary Culture, University of Lodz, Poland with specialization in literary culture, cognitive semiotics, and new media of reading. He published among others 7 books, co-edited several volumes, both in Polish and English. He is Pro-Vice-Chancellor for Curricula and Quality Assurance and Enhancement at the University of Lodz, the Edi-tor-in-Chief of the Problems of Literary Genres, and the Head of the Chair of Theory of Literature at the Institute of Contemporary Culture, Univer-sity of Lodz, Poland.

  • Chapter One - Antecedents

  • Jan Jacek Bruski, Jagiellonian University, Krakow
  • Book:
    Between Prometheism and Realpolitik
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    12 January 2018
    Print publication:
    01 January 2016, pp 29-46

  • Summary

    In the fire and fury of revolution: Ukraine between Piłsudski's Poland and Bolshevik Russia

    “The Polish, Finnish, Armenian, and other questions are all essentially periphera issues, and therefore of secondary importance. The Mazepinist question (mazepinskii vopros) hits Russia at the very foundation of her ability to be a great power.” These words, marked by a fear of the vigorously growing Ukrainian movement, were uttered on the eve of the First World War by Anatolii Savenko, a prominent political activist and writer, one of the leading ideologists of Russian nationalism. The diagnosis behind this observation was right: the Ukrainians, who rejected the idea of a “triune” Russian nation and subsequently started dreaming of a state of their own, could in future sound the death knell for Russia as an empire. For Russia the crucial task of controlling Ukraine if it wanted to keep its great power status was an outcome of geopolitical and strategic considerations, augmented at the close of the 19th century by yet another factor – the economic aspect. Suffice it to say that the Ukrainian territory, which prior to the outbreak of war accounted for barely one-fiftieth of the Romanov dominions, constituted their economic backbone. It was in Ukraine that Russia's chief industrial centres for metallurgy were located; it was Ukraine that produced nearly 70% of Russia's coal and 90% of its wheat exports. The volume of trade handled by the Black Sea ports was steadily rising year by year, and cities such as Odesa, Kyiv, Kharkiv, or Katerynoslav (at that time Odessa, Kiev, Khar'kov, Ekaterinoslav) were growing into flourishing metropolises. On the eve of the First World War the Ukrainian guberniias were generating more than a quarter of the revenue of the entire Russian Empire.

    Ukraine's political future was a problem which would become current and more and more pressing in March 1917, in the period of revolution which not only swept out the autocratic regime of Nicholas II, but also shook the very foundations of Russian statehood. The tide of revolution which swiftly spread throughout the whole of the Empire in its borderlands aroused the centrifugal forces that had lain dormant but already ripe enough for eruption. In Kyiv they were manifested in the unilateral creation of a parliament of a kind, the Ukrainian Central Rada (Ukrains'ka Tsentral'na Rada).

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