Adam, Barry. 1987. The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Boston: Twayne Publishers.Google Scholar

Adam, Barry. 2003. “Relationship Innovation in Male Couples.” Paper presented at the American Sociological Association annual meeting, Atlanta, GA, August 2003.

Alexander, Jeffrey C., and Smith, Philip. 1993. “The Discourse of American Civil Society: A New Proposal for Cultural Studies.” Theory and Society 22: 151–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ALI: American Law Institute. 2002. Priniciples of the Law of Family Dissolution: Analysis and Recommendations. Newark (NJ): LexisNexis.

Amato, Paul R. 2004. “Tension between Institutional and Individual Views of Marriage.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 959–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Babst, Gordon A. 1997. “Community, Rights Talk, and the Communitarian Dissent in Bowers v. Hardwick.” Pp. 139–172 in Playing with Fire: Queer Politics, Queer Theories, edited by Phelan, Shane. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ball, Carlos. 2003. The Morality of Gay Rights: An Exploration in Political Philosophy. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bayles, Fred. 2004. “Vermont's Gay Civil Unions Mostly Affairs of the Heart.” USA Today, January 7.

Becker, Howard. 1966. “Notes on the Concept of Commitment.” American Journal of Sociology 66: 32–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bellafante, Ginia. 2005. “Even in Gay Circles, the Women Want the Ring.” New York Times, May 8.

Berger, Peter L., and Hansfried Kellner. [1964] 1977. “Marriage and the Construction of Reality.” In Facing Up to Modernity: Excursions in Society, Politics, and Religion, by Berger, Peter L.. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Bernstein, Mary. 1997. “Celebration and Suppression: The Strategic Uses of Identity by the Lesbian and Gay Movement.” American Journal of Sociology 103: 531–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernstein, Mary. 2001. “Gender, Queer Family Policies, and the Limits of Law.” In Queer Families, Queer Politics: Challenging Culture and the State, edited by Bernstein, Mary and Reimann, Renate. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Bernstein, Mary. 2002. “Identities and Politics: Toward a Historical Understanding of the Lesbian and Gay Movement.” Social Science History 26: 531–581.Google Scholar

Blankenhorn, David. 1995. Fatherless America. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Blumstein, Philip, and Schwartz, Pepper. 1983. American Couples: Money, Work, Sex. New York: William Morrow and Company.Google Scholar

Bourassa, Kevin, and Varnell, Joe. 2002. Just Married: Gay Marriage and the Expansion of Human Rights. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1987. “The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field.” Hastings Law Journal 38: 805–853.Google Scholar

Bowman, Karlyn, and O'Keefe, Bryan, comps. 2004. Attitudes About Homosexuality and Gay Marriage. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar

Brady, Lois Smith. 2003. “For Gay Couples, New Rituals at the Altar.” New York Times, November 23, National Edition, Sec. 9.

Brekhus, Wayne. 2003. Peacocks, Chameleons, Centaurs: Gay Suburbia and the Grammar of Social Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Broder, John M. 2004. “Groups Debate Slower Strategy on Gay Rights.” New York Times, December 9.

Buell, Emmett H. Jr. 1975. “Eccentrics or Gladiators? People Who Write About Politics in Letters to the Editor.” Social Science Quarterly 56: 440–449.Google Scholar

Bumiller, Kristin. 1988. The Civil Rights Society. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Bumpass, Larry, and Lu, Hsien-Hen. 2000. “Trends in Cohabitation and Implications for Children's Family Contexts in the United States.” Population Studies 54: 29–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calhoun, Craig. 1993. “‘New Social Movements’ of the Early Nineteenth Century.” Social Science History 17: 385–427.Google Scholar

Card, Claudia. 1996. “Against Marriage and Motherhood.” Hypatia 11: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carrington, Christopher. 1999. No Place Like Home: Relationships and Family Life Among Lesbians and Gay Men. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chambers, David L. 1996. “What If? The Legal Consequences of Marriage and the Legal Needs of Lesbian and Gay Male Couples.” Michigan Law Review 95: 447–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chasin, Alexandra. 2000. Selling Out: The Gay and Lesbian Movement Goes to Market. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Chauncey, George. 1994. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1980–1940. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Chauncey, George. 2004. Why Marriage? The History Shaping Today's Debate Over Gay Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Cherlin, Andrew. 1992. Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage: Revised and Enlarged Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Cherlin, Andrew. 2004. “The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 848–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christiansen, Jean, and William Kresnak. 1998. “Mormons Give Big to Fight Same-Sex.” Honolulu Advertiser, October 24.

CMFCE, IAV and RCFP: Coalition for Marriage, Family and Couples Education (CMFCE), Institute for American Values (IAV), and Religion, Culture, and Family Project (RCFP), University of Chicago Divinity School. 2000. The Marriage Movement: a Statement of Principles. New York: Institute for American Values.

Cohen, Philip N., and Bianchi, Suzanne M.. 1999. “Marriage, Children, and Women's Employment: What Do We Know?” Monthly Labor Review 122: 22–31.Google Scholar

Comaroff, Jean, and Comaroff, John. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Volume I. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 2003. Considerations Regarding Proposals to Give Legal Recognition to Unions Between Homosexual Persons. July 31. Available at <http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/doc_doc_index.htm>>.

Coontz, Stephanie. 1992. The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Coontz, Stephanie. 2005. Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy or How Love Conqueres Marriage. New York: Viking.Google Scholar

Cott, Nancy F. 2000. Public Vows: The History of Marriage and the Nation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Coulmont, Baptiste. 2004. “Devant Dieu et face au droit? Le mariage religieux des homosexuels aux Etats-Unis.” [“Under God and Before the Law? Religious Same-Sex Marriage in the US.”] Critique Internationale 25: 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawley, Sara L. 2001. “Are Butch and Fem Working-Class and Antifeminist?” Gender and Society 15: 175–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

D'Emilio, John. 1983. Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States 1940–1970. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

DaVanzo, Julie, and Rahman, M. Omar. 1993. “American Families: Trends and Correlates.” Population Index 59: 350–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dershowitz, Alan. 2003. “To Fix Gay Dilemma, Government Should Quit the Marriage Business.” Los Angeles Times, December 3.

Durkheim, Emile. [1912] 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Karen E. Fields. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Elizabeth, Vivienne. 2000. “Cohabitation, Marriage, and the Unruly Consequences of Difference.” Gender and Society 14: 87–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Engel, David M. 1984. “The Oven Bird's Song: Insiders, Outsiders, and Personal Injuries in an American Community.” Law and Society Review 18: 551–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Engel, David M., and Munger, Frank W.. 2003. Rights of Inclusion: Law and Identity in the Life Stories of Americans with Disabilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Epstein, Steven. 1987. “Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism.” Socialist Review 93/94: 9–54.Google Scholar

Ertman, Martha. 2001. “Marriage as a Trade: Bridging the Private/Private Distinction.” Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review 36: 79–132.Google Scholar

Eskridge, William. 1993. “A History of Same-Sex Marriage.” Virginia Law Review 79: 1419–1513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eskridge, William. 1996. The Case for Same-Sex Marriage: From Sexual Liberty to Civilized Commitment. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Eskridge, William. 2002. Equality Practice: Civil Unions and the Future of Gay Rights. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ettelbrick, Paula L. 1992. “Since When Is Marriage a Path to Liberation?” In Lesbian and Gay Marriage: Private Commitments, Public Ceremonies, edited by Sherman, Suzanne. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Reprinted from OUT/LOOK National Gay and Lesbian Quarterly 6 (Fall 1989).Google Scholar

Ettelbrick, Paula L.. 1996. “Wedlock Alert: A Comment on Lesbian and Gay Family Recognition.” Journal of Law and Policy 5: 107–166.Google Scholar

Ettelbrick, Paula L.. 2001. “Domestic Partnership, Civil Unions, or Marriage: One Size Does Not Fit All.” Albany Law Review 64: 905–914.Google Scholar

Ettelbrick, Paula, and Shapiro, Julie. 2004. “Are We on the Path to Liberation Now? Same-Sex Marriage at Home and Abroad.” Seattle Journal for Social Justice 2: 475–493.Google Scholar

Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S.. 1992. “Conformity, Contestation, and Resistance: An Account of Legal Consciousness.” New England Law Review 26: 731–749.Google Scholar

Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S.. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S.. 2003. “Narrating Social Structure: Stories of Resistance to Legal Authority.” American Journal of Sociology 108: 1328–1372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faderman, Lillian. 1991. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Feeley, Malcolm. 1979. The Process is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Feldblum, Chai. 1998. “A Progressive Moral Case for Same-Sex Marriage.” Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review 7: 485–493.Google Scholar

Fineman, Martha Albertson. 1995. The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fineman, Martha Albertson. 2004. The Autonomy Myth: A Theory of Dependency. New York and London: The New Press.Google Scholar

Folbre, Nancy. 2001. The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values. New York: New Press.Google Scholar

Fraser, Nancy. 1997. Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Gamble, Barbara S. 1997. “Putting Civil Rights to a Popular Vote.” American Journal of Political Science 41: 245–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamson, Joshua. 1995. “Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma.” Social Problems 42: 390–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamson, Joshua. 1998. Freaks Talk Back: Tabloid Talk Shows and Sexual Nonconformity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Gerstmann, Evan. 2004. Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gibson, Christina, Kathryn Edin and Sara McLanahan. 2003. “High Hopes But Even Higher Expectations: The Retreat From Marriage Among Low-Income Couples.” Center for Research on Child Wellbeing Working Paper #03-06-FF. Princeton: Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton University.

Giddens, Anthony. 1992. The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love, and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Gitlin, Todd. 1995. The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked by Culture Wars. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar

Gluckman, Amy, and Betsy Reed. 1997. “The Gay Marketing Moment.” Pp. 3–9 in Homo Economics: Capitalism, Community, and Lesbian and Gay Life, edited by Gluckman, Amy and Reed, Betsy. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Goldberg-Hiller, Jonathan. 1999. “The Status of Status: Domestic Partnership and the Politics of Same-Sex Marriage.” Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 19: 3–38.Google Scholar

Goldberg-Hiller, Jonathan. 2002. Limits to Union: Same-Sex Marriage and the Politics of Civil Rights. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldman, Emma. 1910. “Marriage and Love.” In Anarchism and Other Essays. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association.

Gonsiorek, John C., and James R. Rudolph. 1991. “Homosexual Identity: Coming Out and Other Developmental Events.” In Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy, edited by Gonsiorek, John C. and Weinrich, James D.. Newbury Park (CA): Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graff, E. J. 1996. “Something Old … Something New.” Ms. 6 (May): 92–94.Google Scholar

Greenberger, Scott S., and Bill Dedman. 2004. “Survey Finds Women in Majority.” Boston Globe, May 18.

Grey, David L., and Brown, Trevor R.. 1970. “Letters to the Editor: Hazy Reflections of Public Opinion.” Journalism Quarterly 47: 450–456, 471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grimes, Ronald L. 2000. Deeply into the Bone: Re-Inventing Rites of Passage. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Griswold, Wendy. 1987. “A Methodological Framework for the Sociology of Culture.” Sociological Methodology 17: 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, Cathy Lynn, and In-Sung Yoo. 2003. “Civil Marriage on Rise Across USA.” USA Today, October 7.

Harding, Sandra. 1996. “Standpoint Epistemology (a Feminist Version): How Social Disadvantage Creates Epistemic Advantage.” In Social Theory and Sociology: The Classics and Beyond, edited by Turner, Stephen P.. Cambridge (MA): Blackwell.Google Scholar

Herbst, Susan. 1993. Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Herek, Gregory M. 1990. “The Context of Anti-Gay Violence: Notes on Cultural and Psychological Heterosexism.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5: 316–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herek, Gregory M.. 1995. “Psychological Heterosexism in the United States.” In Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities Over the Lifespan: Psychological Perspectives, edited by D'Augelli, Anthony R. and Patterson, Charlotte J.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Herman, Didi. 1997. The Antigay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, David B. 1981. “Letter Opinion on the ERA: A Test of the Newspaper Bias Hypothesis.” Public Opinion Quarterly 45: 384–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1997. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar

Hollander, Jocelyn A., and Einwohner, Rachel L.. 2004. “Conceptualizing Resistance.” Sociological Forum 19: 533–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Honig, Bonnie. 1993. Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

HRC: Human Rights Campaign. n.d. Answers to Questions About Marriage Equality. Washington, DC: Human Rights Campaign.

HRCF: Human Rights Campaign Foundation. 2004. The State of the Workplace 2003. Washington, DC: Human Rights Campaign Foundation.

HRCF: Human Rights Campaign Foundation. 2005. The State of the Workplace 2004. Washington, DC: Human Rights Campaign Foundation.

Hull, Kathleen E. 2001. “The Political Limits of the Rights Frame: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage in Hawaii.” Sociological Perspectives 44: 207–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hull, Kathleen E.. 2003. “The Cultural Power of Law and the Cultural Enactment of Legality: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage.” Law and Social Inquiry 28: 629–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hull, Kathleen E.. 2005. “Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation: Dimensions of Difference.” In Handbook on Employment Discrimination Research: Rights and Realities, edited by Nelson, Robert L. and Nielsen, Laura Beth. Dordrecht (the Netherlands): Springer.Google Scholar

Hunter, Nan D. 1991. “Marriage, Law, and Gender: A Feminist Inquiry.” Law and Sexuality 1: 9–30.Google Scholar

Illouz, Eva. 1997. Consuming the Romantic Utopia: Love and the Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Ingraham, Chrys. 1999. White Weddings: Romancing Heterosexuality in Popular Culture. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Jakobsen, Janet R., and Pellgrini, Ann. 2003. Love the Sin: Sexual Regulation and the Limits of Religious Tolerance. New York and London: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Johnston, Hank, and Klandermans, Bert, eds. 1995. Social Movements and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Kauffman, L. A. 1990. “The Anti-Politics of Identity.” Socialist Review 20: 67–80.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky, and Davis, Madeline D.. 1993. Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Kiernan, Kathleen. 2002. “Cohabitation in Western Europe: Trends, Issues, and Implications.” In Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation on Families, Children, and Social Policy, edited by Booth, Alan and Crouter, Ann C.. Mahwah (NJ): L. Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Kurdek, Lawrence A. 1988. “Relationship Quality of Gay and Lesbian Cohabiting Couples.” Journal of Homosexuality 15: 93–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kurdek, Lawrence A.. 1991. “Sexuality in Homosexual and Heterosexual Couples.” In Sexuality in Close Relationships, edited by McKinney, Kathleen and Sprecher, Susan. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Lahey, Kathleen A., and Alderson, Kevin. 2004. Same-Sex Marriage: The Personal and the Political. Toronto: Insomniac Press.Google Scholar

Laumann, Edward O., Gagnon, John H., Michael, Robert T. and Michaels, Stuart. 1994. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

LCC: Law Commission of Canada. 2001. Beyond Conjugality: Recognizing and Supporting Close Personal Adult Relationships. [Ottawa]: Law Commission of Canada.

Bourdais, Céline, and Lapierre-Adamcyk, Evelyne. 2004. “Changes in Conjugal Life in Canada: Is Cohabitation Progressively Replacing Marriage?” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 929–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leff, Lisa. 2004. “San Francisco's Gay Newlyweds Came From 46 States and Included 57 Percent Women.” Associated Press, March 18.

Levin, Daniel. 1997. “The Constitution as Rhetorical Symbol in Western Anti-Gay Rights Initiatives: The Case of Idaho.” Pp. 33–49 in Anti-Gay Rights: Assessing Voter Initiatives, edited by Witt, Stephanie L. and McCorkle, Suzanne. Westport (CT) and London: Praeger.Google Scholar

Lewin, Ellen. 1998. Recognizing Ourselves: Ceremonies of Lesbian and Gay Commitment. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Loftus, Jeni. 2001. “America's Liberalization in Attitudes Toward Homosexuality, 1973 to 1998.” American Sociological Review 66: 762–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Los Angeles Times. 2004. Editorial, July 14.

Manning, Wendy D., and Smock, Pamela J.. 2002. “First Comes Cohabitation, and Then Comes Marriage? A Research Note.” Journal of Family Issues 23: 1065–1087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, Anna-Maria, and Barclay, Scott. 2003. “In Their Own Words: How Ordinary People Construct the Legal World.” Law and Social Inquiry 28: 617–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAdam, Doug. 1988. “Gender Implications of the Traditional Academic Conception of the Political.” In Changing Our Minds: Feminist Transformations of Knowledge, edited by Aiken, Susan Hardy, Anderson, Karen, Dinnerstein, Myra, Lensick, Judy Nolte and MacCorquodale, Patricia. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar

McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

McCorkle, Suzanne, and Marshall G. Most. 1997. “Fear and Loathing on the Editorial Page: An Analysis of Idaho's Anti-Gay Initiative.” Pp. 63–76 in Anti-Gay Rights: Assessing Voter Initiatives, edited by Witt, Stephanie L. and McCorkle, Suzanne. Westport (CT) and London: Praeger.Google Scholar

McIntosh, Mary. 1968. “The Homosexual Role.” Social Problems 16: 182–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McWhirter, David P., and Mattison, Andrew M.. 1984. The Male Couple: How Relationships Develop. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Mehren, Elizabeth. 2004. “Acceptance of Gays Rises Among New Generation.” Los Angeles Times, April 11.

Merin, Yuval. 2002. Equality for Same-Sex Couples: The Legal Recognition of Gay Partnerships in Europe and the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Merry, Sally Engle. 1990. Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness Among Working-Class Americans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Merry, Sally Engle. 1995. “Resistance and the Cultural Power of Law.” Law and Society Review 29: 11–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyer, Madonna Harrington. 2000. Carework: Gender, Labor and the Welfare State. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mies, Maria. 1983. “Towards a Methodology for Feminist Research.” In Theories of Women's Studies, edited by Bowles, Gloria and Klein, Renate D.. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Moats, David. 2004. Civil Wars: A Battle for Gay Marriage. Orlando: Harcourt.Google Scholar

Mohr, Richard D. 1994. A More Perfect Union: Why Straight America Must Stand Up for Gay Rights. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Moon, Dawne. 2004. God, Sex and Politics: Homosexuality and Everyday Theologies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Morris, Robert J. 1996. “Configuring the Bo(u)nds of Marriage: The Implications of Hawaiian Culture & Values for the Debate About Homogamy.” Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 8: 105–159.Google Scholar

Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2000. “Situating Legal Consciousness: Experiences and Attitudes of Ordinary Citizens About Law and Street Harassment.” Law and Society Review 34: 1055–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2004. License to Harass: Law, Hierarchy, and Offensive Public Speech. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ortner, Sherry. 1984. “Theory in Anthropology Since the Sixties.” Comparative Studies in History and Society 26: 126–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Otnes, Cele C., and Pleck, Elizabeth H.. 2003. Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pascoe, Peggy. 2000. “Sex, Gender, and Same-Sex Marriage.” In Is Academic Feminism Dead?, edited by The Social Justice Group at the Center for Advanced Feminist Studies, University of Minnesota. New York and London: New York University Press.

Patterson, Davis G., Teresa Ciabattari and Pepper Schwartz. 1999. “The Constraints of Innovation: Commitment and Stability Among Same-Sex Couples.” In Handbook of Interpersonal Commitment and Relationship Stability, edited by Adams, Jeffrey M. and Warren, H Jones. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peplau, Letitia, and Susan Cochran. 1988. “Value Orientations in the Intimate Relationships of Gay Men.” In Gay Relationships, edited by DeCecco, John. New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar

Peplau, Letitia, Susan Cochran and Vickie Mays. 1997. “A National Survey of the Intimate Relationships of African-American Lesbians and Gay Men.” In Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men, edited by Greene, Beverly. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage.Google Scholar

Phelan, Shane. 2001. Sexual Strangers: Gays, Lesbians, and Dilemmas of Citizenship. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Polikoff, Nancy D. 1993. “We Will Get What We Ask For: Why Legalizing Gay and Lesbian Marriage Will Not ‘Dismantle the Legal Structure of Gender in Every Marriage.’” Virginia Law Review 79: 1535–1550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Popenoe, David. 1996. Life Without Father. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Rauch, Jonathan. 1996. “For Better or Worse?” The New Republic, May 6, 18–19.

Rauch, Jonathan. 2004. Gay Marriage: Why It Is Good for Gays, Good for Straights, and Good for America. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar

Rimmerman, Craig A. 2002. From Identity to Politics: The Lesbian and Gay Movements in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Rochon, Thomas R. 1998. Culture Moves: Ideas, Activism, and Changing Values. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Rosenberg, Gerald N. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change?Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Rothenbuhler, Eric W. 1998. Ritual Communication: From Everyday Conversation to Mediated Ceremony. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, William B. 1997. “Divided We Litigate: Addressing Disputes Among Group Members and Lawyers in Civil Rights Campaigns.” Yale Law Journal 106: 1623–1681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rupp, Leila J., and Taylor, Verta. 2003. Drag Queens at the 801 Cabaret. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

“Same-Sex Issue Cost $3.1 Million.” 1999. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, April 24.

Sarat, Austin. 1990. “ ‘ … The Law Is All Over’: Power, Resistance, and the Legal Consciousness of the Welfare Poor.” Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 2: 343–379.Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Felstiner, William L. F.. 1989. “Lawyers and Legal Consciousness: Law Talk in the Divorce Lawyer's Office.” The Yale Law Journal 98: 1663–1688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Kearns, Thomas, eds. 1993. Law in Everyday Life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Simon, Jonathan, eds. 2003. Cultural Analysis, Cultural Studies, and the Law: Moving Beyond Legal Realism. Durham (NC): Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sassler, Sharon. 2004. “The Process of Entering into Cohabiting Unions.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 491–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schacter, Jane S. 1994. “The Gay Civil Rights Debate in the States: Decoding the Discourse of Equivalents.” Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 29: 283–317.Google Scholar

Scheingold, Stuart A. 1974. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Schneider, David. 1976. “Notes Toward a Theory of Culture.” Pp. 197–220 in Meaning in Anthropology, edited by Basso, Keith H. and Selby, Henry A.. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar

Scott, James. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Seidman, Steven. 2002. Beyond the Closet: The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Life. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sewell, William H. Jr. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sewell, William H. Jr. 1999. “The Concept(s) of Culture.” In Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, edited by Bonnell, Victoria E. and Hunt, Lynn. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Shanley, Mary Lyndon. 2004. “Just Marriage: On the Public Importance of Private Unions.” In Just Marriage, edited by Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sherrill, Kenneth. n.d. Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, and the 2004 Presidential Election. New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute.

Sigelman, Lee, and Walkosz, Barbara J.. 1992. “Letters to the Editor as a Public Opinion Thermometer: The Martin Luther King Holiday Vote in Arizona.” Social Science Quarterly 73: 938–946.Google Scholar

Silvestrini, Elaine. 2005. “Rights Groups Say Courts Too ‘Hostile.’” Tampa Tribune, January 26.

Simmons, Tavia, and Martin O'Connell. 2003. Married-Couple and Unmarried-Partner Households: 2000. Census 2000 Special Reports. CENSR-5. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.

Skolnick, Arlene S. 1991. Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Smock, Pamela J. 2000. “Cohabitation in the United States: An Appraisal of Research Themes, Findings, and Implications.” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Solomon, Alisa. 2004. “State to Church: I Want a Divorce.” Village Voice, March 3–9.

Solomon, Sondra E., Rothblum, Esther D. and Balsam, Kimberly F.. 2004. “Pioneers in Partnership: Lesbian and Gay Male Couples in Civil Unions Compared with Those Not in Civil Unions, and Married Heterosexual Siblings.” Journal of Family Psychology 18: 275–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stacey, Judith. 1996. In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Stacey, Judith. 2004. Untitled contribution to “Can Marriage Be Saved? A Forum.” The Nation, July 5, 25.

Stiers, Gretchen A. 1999. From This Day Forward: Commitment, Marriage, and Family in Lesbian and Gay Relationships. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Stoddard, Thomas B. 1992. “Why Gay People Should Seek the Right to Marry.” In Lesbian and Gay Marriage: Private Commitments, Public Ceremonies, edited by Sherman, Suzanne. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Reprinted from OUT/LOOK National Gay and Lesbian Quarterly 6 (Fall 1989).Google Scholar

Strasser, Mark. 1997. Legally Wed: Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Sullivan, Andrew. 1996. Virtually Normal: An Argument About Homosexuality. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar

Sunstein, Cass R. 1987. “On the Expressive Function of Law.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144: 2,021–2,053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swartz, Teresa Toguchi. 2004. “Mothering for the State: Foster Parenting and the Challenges of Government-Contracted Carework.” Gender and Society 18: 567–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swidler, Ann. 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51: 273–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swidler, Ann. 2001. Talk of Love: How Culture Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Taylor, Verta, Leila J. Rupp and Joshua Gamson. 2004. “Performing Protest: Drag Shows as Tactical Repertoire of the Gay and Lesbian Movement.” In Authority in Contention (Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, volume XXV), edited by Myers, Daniel J. and Cress, Daniel M.. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier JAI.Google Scholar

Taylor, Verta, and Nella Van Dyke. 2004. “ ‘Get Up, Stand Up’: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A. and Kriesi, Hanspeter. Malden (MA): Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, Verta, and Nancy E. Whittier. 1992. “Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization.” Pp. 104–129 in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurg. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Troiden, Richard. 1998. “A Model of Homosexual Identity Formation.” In Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Reader, edited by Nardi, Peter M. and Schneider, Beth E.. London and New York: Routledge. Originally published in Gay and Lesbian Identity: A Sociological Analysis. New York: General Hall, 1988.Google Scholar

Trubek, David M. 1984. “Where the Action Is: Critical Legal Studies and Empiricism.” Stanford Law Review 36: 575–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

US Census Bureau. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.

US Public Law 104–193. 104th Congress, August 22, 1996. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996.

Vaid, Urvashi. 1995. Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Volgy, Thomas J., Krigbaum, Margaret, Langan, Mary Kay and Moshier, Vicky. 1977. “Some of My Best Friends Are Letter Writers: Eccentrics and Gladiators Revisited.” Social Science Quarterly 58: 321–327.Google Scholar

“Voters Strongly Oppose Gay Unions.” 1997. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 24.

Waite, Linda J., and Gallagher, Maggie. 2000. The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off Financially. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Walters, Suzanna Danuta. 2001a. All the Rage: The Story of Gay Visibility in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Walters, Suzanna Danuta. 2001b. “Take My Domestic Partner, Please: Gays and Marriage in the Era of the Visible.” In Queer Families, Queer Politics: Challenging Culture and the State, edited by Bernstein, Mary and Reimann, Renate. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Warner, Michael. 1999. The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Webb, Eugene J., Campbell, Donald T., Schwartz, Richard D. and Sechrest, Lee. 1966. Unobtrusive Measures: Non-Reactive Research in the Social Sciences. Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar

Weeks, Jeffrey, Heaphy, Brian and Donovan, Catherine. 2001. Same-Sex Intimacies: Families of Choice and Other Life Experiments. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Werum, Regina, and Winders, Bill. 2001. “Who's ‘In’ and Who's ‘Out’: State Fragmentation and the Struggle over Gay Rights, 1974–1999.” Social Problems 48: 386–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, Julie A., and Tronto, Joan C. 2004. “Political Practices of Care: Needs and Rights.” Ratio Juris 17: 425–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whyte, Martin King. 1990. Dating, Mating, and Marriage. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Willetts, Marion C. 2003. “An Exploratory Investigation of Heterosexual Licensed Domestic Partners.” Journal of Marriage and Family 65: 939–952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, James Q. 2002. The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar

Witt, Stephanie L., and McCorkle, Suzanne. 1997. Anti-Gay Rights: Assessing Voter Initiatives. Westport (CT) and London: Praeger.Google Scholar

Wittman, Carl. 1972. “Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifesto.” In The Homosexual Dialectic, edited by McCaffrey, Joseph A.. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Wolfson, Evan. 1994. “Crossing the Threshold: Equal Marriage Rights for Lesbians and Gay Men and the Intra-Community Critique.” New York University Review of Law and Social Change 21: 567–615.Google Scholar

Wolfson, Evan. 2004. Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Marry. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Yngvesson, Barabara. 1988. “Making Law at the Doorway: The Clerk, the Court, and the Construction of Community in a New England Town.” Law and Society Review 22: 409–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yuen, Mike. 1998. “Same-Sex Marriage Losing Big.” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 14.

Adam, Barry. 1987. The Rise of a Gay and Lesbian Movement. Boston: Twayne Publishers.Google Scholar

Adam, Barry. 2003. “Relationship Innovation in Male Couples.” Paper presented at the American Sociological Association annual meeting, Atlanta, GA, August 2003.

Alexander, Jeffrey C., and Smith, Philip. 1993. “The Discourse of American Civil Society: A New Proposal for Cultural Studies.” Theory and Society 22: 151–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ALI: American Law Institute. 2002. Priniciples of the Law of Family Dissolution: Analysis and Recommendations. Newark (NJ): LexisNexis.

Amato, Paul R. 2004. “Tension between Institutional and Individual Views of Marriage.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 959–965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Babst, Gordon A. 1997. “Community, Rights Talk, and the Communitarian Dissent in Bowers v. Hardwick.” Pp. 139–172 in Playing with Fire: Queer Politics, Queer Theories, edited by Phelan, Shane. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ball, Carlos. 2003. The Morality of Gay Rights: An Exploration in Political Philosophy. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bayles, Fred. 2004. “Vermont's Gay Civil Unions Mostly Affairs of the Heart.” USA Today, January 7.

Becker, Howard. 1966. “Notes on the Concept of Commitment.” American Journal of Sociology 66: 32–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bellafante, Ginia. 2005. “Even in Gay Circles, the Women Want the Ring.” New York Times, May 8.

Berger, Peter L., and Hansfried Kellner. [1964] 1977. “Marriage and the Construction of Reality.” In Facing Up to Modernity: Excursions in Society, Politics, and Religion, by Berger, Peter L.. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Bernstein, Mary. 1997. “Celebration and Suppression: The Strategic Uses of Identity by the Lesbian and Gay Movement.” American Journal of Sociology 103: 531–565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernstein, Mary. 2001. “Gender, Queer Family Policies, and the Limits of Law.” In Queer Families, Queer Politics: Challenging Culture and the State, edited by Bernstein, Mary and Reimann, Renate. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Bernstein, Mary. 2002. “Identities and Politics: Toward a Historical Understanding of the Lesbian and Gay Movement.” Social Science History 26: 531–581.Google Scholar

Blankenhorn, David. 1995. Fatherless America. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Blumstein, Philip, and Schwartz, Pepper. 1983. American Couples: Money, Work, Sex. New York: William Morrow and Company.Google Scholar

Bourassa, Kevin, and Varnell, Joe. 2002. Just Married: Gay Marriage and the Expansion of Human Rights. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Translated by Richard Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1987. “The Force of Law: Toward a Sociology of the Juridical Field.” Hastings Law Journal 38: 805–853.Google Scholar

Bowman, Karlyn, and O'Keefe, Bryan, comps. 2004. Attitudes About Homosexuality and Gay Marriage. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.Google Scholar

Brady, Lois Smith. 2003. “For Gay Couples, New Rituals at the Altar.” New York Times, November 23, National Edition, Sec. 9.

Brekhus, Wayne. 2003. Peacocks, Chameleons, Centaurs: Gay Suburbia and the Grammar of Social Identity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Broder, John M. 2004. “Groups Debate Slower Strategy on Gay Rights.” New York Times, December 9.

Buell, Emmett H. Jr. 1975. “Eccentrics or Gladiators? People Who Write About Politics in Letters to the Editor.” Social Science Quarterly 56: 440–449.Google Scholar

Bumiller, Kristin. 1988. The Civil Rights Society. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Bumpass, Larry, and Lu, Hsien-Hen. 2000. “Trends in Cohabitation and Implications for Children's Family Contexts in the United States.” Population Studies 54: 29–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Calhoun, Craig. 1993. “‘New Social Movements’ of the Early Nineteenth Century.” Social Science History 17: 385–427.Google Scholar

Card, Claudia. 1996. “Against Marriage and Motherhood.” Hypatia 11: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carrington, Christopher. 1999. No Place Like Home: Relationships and Family Life Among Lesbians and Gay Men. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chambers, David L. 1996. “What If? The Legal Consequences of Marriage and the Legal Needs of Lesbian and Gay Male Couples.” Michigan Law Review 95: 447–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chasin, Alexandra. 2000. Selling Out: The Gay and Lesbian Movement Goes to Market. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Chauncey, George. 1994. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1980–1940. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Chauncey, George. 2004. Why Marriage? The History Shaping Today's Debate Over Gay Equality. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Cherlin, Andrew. 1992. Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage: Revised and Enlarged Edition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Cherlin, Andrew. 2004. “The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 848–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christiansen, Jean, and William Kresnak. 1998. “Mormons Give Big to Fight Same-Sex.” Honolulu Advertiser, October 24.

CMFCE, IAV and RCFP: Coalition for Marriage, Family and Couples Education (CMFCE), Institute for American Values (IAV), and Religion, Culture, and Family Project (RCFP), University of Chicago Divinity School. 2000. The Marriage Movement: a Statement of Principles. New York: Institute for American Values.

Cohen, Philip N., and Bianchi, Suzanne M.. 1999. “Marriage, Children, and Women's Employment: What Do We Know?” Monthly Labor Review 122: 22–31.Google Scholar

Comaroff, Jean, and Comaroff, John. 1991. Of Revelation and Revolution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Volume I. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. 2003. Considerations Regarding Proposals to Give Legal Recognition to Unions Between Homosexual Persons. July 31. Available at <http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/doc_doc_index.htm>>.

Coontz, Stephanie. 1992. The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Coontz, Stephanie. 2005. Marriage, a History: From Obedience to Intimacy or How Love Conqueres Marriage. New York: Viking.Google Scholar

Cott, Nancy F. 2000. Public Vows: The History of Marriage and the Nation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Coulmont, Baptiste. 2004. “Devant Dieu et face au droit? Le mariage religieux des homosexuels aux Etats-Unis.” [“Under God and Before the Law? Religious Same-Sex Marriage in the US.”] Critique Internationale 25: 43–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawley, Sara L. 2001. “Are Butch and Fem Working-Class and Antifeminist?” Gender and Society 15: 175–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

D'Emilio, John. 1983. Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States 1940–1970. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

DaVanzo, Julie, and Rahman, M. Omar. 1993. “American Families: Trends and Correlates.” Population Index 59: 350–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dershowitz, Alan. 2003. “To Fix Gay Dilemma, Government Should Quit the Marriage Business.” Los Angeles Times, December 3.

Durkheim, Emile. [1912] 1995. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. Translated by Karen E. Fields. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Elizabeth, Vivienne. 2000. “Cohabitation, Marriage, and the Unruly Consequences of Difference.” Gender and Society 14: 87–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Engel, David M. 1984. “The Oven Bird's Song: Insiders, Outsiders, and Personal Injuries in an American Community.” Law and Society Review 18: 551–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Engel, David M., and Munger, Frank W.. 2003. Rights of Inclusion: Law and Identity in the Life Stories of Americans with Disabilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Epstein, Steven. 1987. “Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity: The Limits of Social Constructionism.” Socialist Review 93/94: 9–54.Google Scholar

Ertman, Martha. 2001. “Marriage as a Trade: Bridging the Private/Private Distinction.” Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review 36: 79–132.Google Scholar

Eskridge, William. 1993. “A History of Same-Sex Marriage.” Virginia Law Review 79: 1419–1513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eskridge, William. 1996. The Case for Same-Sex Marriage: From Sexual Liberty to Civilized Commitment. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Eskridge, William. 2002. Equality Practice: Civil Unions and the Future of Gay Rights. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ettelbrick, Paula L. 1992. “Since When Is Marriage a Path to Liberation?” In Lesbian and Gay Marriage: Private Commitments, Public Ceremonies, edited by Sherman, Suzanne. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Reprinted from OUT/LOOK National Gay and Lesbian Quarterly 6 (Fall 1989).Google Scholar

Ettelbrick, Paula L.. 1996. “Wedlock Alert: A Comment on Lesbian and Gay Family Recognition.” Journal of Law and Policy 5: 107–166.Google Scholar

Ettelbrick, Paula L.. 2001. “Domestic Partnership, Civil Unions, or Marriage: One Size Does Not Fit All.” Albany Law Review 64: 905–914.Google Scholar

Ettelbrick, Paula, and Shapiro, Julie. 2004. “Are We on the Path to Liberation Now? Same-Sex Marriage at Home and Abroad.” Seattle Journal for Social Justice 2: 475–493.Google Scholar

Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S.. 1992. “Conformity, Contestation, and Resistance: An Account of Legal Consciousness.” New England Law Review 26: 731–749.Google Scholar

Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S.. 1998. The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Ewick, Patricia, and Silbey, Susan S.. 2003. “Narrating Social Structure: Stories of Resistance to Legal Authority.” American Journal of Sociology 108: 1328–1372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faderman, Lillian. 1991. Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers: A History of Lesbian Life in Twentieth-Century America. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Feeley, Malcolm. 1979. The Process is the Punishment: Handling Cases in a Lower Criminal Court. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar

Feldblum, Chai. 1998. “A Progressive Moral Case for Same-Sex Marriage.” Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review 7: 485–493.Google Scholar

Fineman, Martha Albertson. 1995. The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fineman, Martha Albertson. 2004. The Autonomy Myth: A Theory of Dependency. New York and London: The New Press.Google Scholar

Folbre, Nancy. 2001. The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values. New York: New Press.Google Scholar

Fraser, Nancy. 1997. Justice Interruptus: Critical Reflections on the “Postsocialist” Condition. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Gamble, Barbara S. 1997. “Putting Civil Rights to a Popular Vote.” American Journal of Political Science 41: 245–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamson, Joshua. 1995. “Must Identity Movements Self-Destruct? A Queer Dilemma.” Social Problems 42: 390–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamson, Joshua. 1998. Freaks Talk Back: Tabloid Talk Shows and Sexual Nonconformity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Geertz, Clifford. 1983. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Gerstmann, Evan. 2004. Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gibson, Christina, Kathryn Edin and Sara McLanahan. 2003. “High Hopes But Even Higher Expectations: The Retreat From Marriage Among Low-Income Couples.” Center for Research on Child Wellbeing Working Paper #03-06-FF. Princeton: Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Princeton University.

Giddens, Anthony. 1992. The Transformation of Intimacy: Sexuality, Love, and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Gitlin, Todd. 1995. The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked by Culture Wars. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar

Gluckman, Amy, and Betsy Reed. 1997. “The Gay Marketing Moment.” Pp. 3–9 in Homo Economics: Capitalism, Community, and Lesbian and Gay Life, edited by Gluckman, Amy and Reed, Betsy. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Goldberg-Hiller, Jonathan. 1999. “The Status of Status: Domestic Partnership and the Politics of Same-Sex Marriage.” Studies in Law, Politics, and Society 19: 3–38.Google Scholar

Goldberg-Hiller, Jonathan. 2002. Limits to Union: Same-Sex Marriage and the Politics of Civil Rights. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldman, Emma. 1910. “Marriage and Love.” In Anarchism and Other Essays. New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association.

Gonsiorek, John C., and James R. Rudolph. 1991. “Homosexual Identity: Coming Out and Other Developmental Events.” In Homosexuality: Research Implications for Public Policy, edited by Gonsiorek, John C. and Weinrich, James D.. Newbury Park (CA): Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graff, E. J. 1996. “Something Old … Something New.” Ms. 6 (May): 92–94.Google Scholar

Greenberger, Scott S., and Bill Dedman. 2004. “Survey Finds Women in Majority.” Boston Globe, May 18.

Grey, David L., and Brown, Trevor R.. 1970. “Letters to the Editor: Hazy Reflections of Public Opinion.” Journalism Quarterly 47: 450–456, 471.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grimes, Ronald L. 2000. Deeply into the Bone: Re-Inventing Rites of Passage. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Griswold, Wendy. 1987. “A Methodological Framework for the Sociology of Culture.” Sociological Methodology 17: 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grossman, Cathy Lynn, and In-Sung Yoo. 2003. “Civil Marriage on Rise Across USA.” USA Today, October 7.

Harding, Sandra. 1996. “Standpoint Epistemology (a Feminist Version): How Social Disadvantage Creates Epistemic Advantage.” In Social Theory and Sociology: The Classics and Beyond, edited by Turner, Stephen P.. Cambridge (MA): Blackwell.Google Scholar

Herbst, Susan. 1993. Numbered Voices: How Opinion Polling Has Shaped American Politics. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Herek, Gregory M. 1990. “The Context of Anti-Gay Violence: Notes on Cultural and Psychological Heterosexism.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5: 316–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herek, Gregory M.. 1995. “Psychological Heterosexism in the United States.” In Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities Over the Lifespan: Psychological Perspectives, edited by D'Augelli, Anthony R. and Patterson, Charlotte J.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Herman, Didi. 1997. The Antigay Agenda: Orthodox Vision and the Christian Right. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hill, David B. 1981. “Letter Opinion on the ERA: A Test of the Newspaper Bias Hypothesis.” Public Opinion Quarterly 45: 384–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 1997. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar

Hollander, Jocelyn A., and Einwohner, Rachel L.. 2004. “Conceptualizing Resistance.” Sociological Forum 19: 533–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Honig, Bonnie. 1993. Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

HRC: Human Rights Campaign. n.d. Answers to Questions About Marriage Equality. Washington, DC: Human Rights Campaign.

HRCF: Human Rights Campaign Foundation. 2004. The State of the Workplace 2003. Washington, DC: Human Rights Campaign Foundation.

HRCF: Human Rights Campaign Foundation. 2005. The State of the Workplace 2004. Washington, DC: Human Rights Campaign Foundation.

Hull, Kathleen E. 2001. “The Political Limits of the Rights Frame: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage in Hawaii.” Sociological Perspectives 44: 207–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hull, Kathleen E.. 2003. “The Cultural Power of Law and the Cultural Enactment of Legality: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage.” Law and Social Inquiry 28: 629–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hull, Kathleen E.. 2005. “Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation: Dimensions of Difference.” In Handbook on Employment Discrimination Research: Rights and Realities, edited by Nelson, Robert L. and Nielsen, Laura Beth. Dordrecht (the Netherlands): Springer.Google Scholar

Hunter, Nan D. 1991. “Marriage, Law, and Gender: A Feminist Inquiry.” Law and Sexuality 1: 9–30.Google Scholar

Illouz, Eva. 1997. Consuming the Romantic Utopia: Love and the Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Ingraham, Chrys. 1999. White Weddings: Romancing Heterosexuality in Popular Culture. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Jakobsen, Janet R., and Pellgrini, Ann. 2003. Love the Sin: Sexual Regulation and the Limits of Religious Tolerance. New York and London: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Johnston, Hank, and Klandermans, Bert, eds. 1995. Social Movements and Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Kauffman, L. A. 1990. “The Anti-Politics of Identity.” Socialist Review 20: 67–80.Google Scholar

Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky, and Davis, Madeline D.. 1993. Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Kiernan, Kathleen. 2002. “Cohabitation in Western Europe: Trends, Issues, and Implications.” In Just Living Together: Implications of Cohabitation on Families, Children, and Social Policy, edited by Booth, Alan and Crouter, Ann C.. Mahwah (NJ): L. Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Kurdek, Lawrence A. 1988. “Relationship Quality of Gay and Lesbian Cohabiting Couples.” Journal of Homosexuality 15: 93–118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kurdek, Lawrence A.. 1991. “Sexuality in Homosexual and Heterosexual Couples.” In Sexuality in Close Relationships, edited by McKinney, Kathleen and Sprecher, Susan. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Lahey, Kathleen A., and Alderson, Kevin. 2004. Same-Sex Marriage: The Personal and the Political. Toronto: Insomniac Press.Google Scholar

Laumann, Edward O., Gagnon, John H., Michael, Robert T. and Michaels, Stuart. 1994. The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

LCC: Law Commission of Canada. 2001. Beyond Conjugality: Recognizing and Supporting Close Personal Adult Relationships. [Ottawa]: Law Commission of Canada.

Bourdais, Céline, and Lapierre-Adamcyk, Evelyne. 2004. “Changes in Conjugal Life in Canada: Is Cohabitation Progressively Replacing Marriage?” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 929–942.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leff, Lisa. 2004. “San Francisco's Gay Newlyweds Came From 46 States and Included 57 Percent Women.” Associated Press, March 18.

Levin, Daniel. 1997. “The Constitution as Rhetorical Symbol in Western Anti-Gay Rights Initiatives: The Case of Idaho.” Pp. 33–49 in Anti-Gay Rights: Assessing Voter Initiatives, edited by Witt, Stephanie L. and McCorkle, Suzanne. Westport (CT) and London: Praeger.Google Scholar

Lewin, Ellen. 1998. Recognizing Ourselves: Ceremonies of Lesbian and Gay Commitment. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Loftus, Jeni. 2001. “America's Liberalization in Attitudes Toward Homosexuality, 1973 to 1998.” American Sociological Review 66: 762–782.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Los Angeles Times. 2004. Editorial, July 14.

Manning, Wendy D., and Smock, Pamela J.. 2002. “First Comes Cohabitation, and Then Comes Marriage? A Research Note.” Journal of Family Issues 23: 1065–1087.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, Anna-Maria, and Barclay, Scott. 2003. “In Their Own Words: How Ordinary People Construct the Legal World.” Law and Social Inquiry 28: 617–628.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAdam, Doug. 1988. “Gender Implications of the Traditional Academic Conception of the Political.” In Changing Our Minds: Feminist Transformations of Knowledge, edited by Aiken, Susan Hardy, Anderson, Karen, Dinnerstein, Myra, Lensick, Judy Nolte and MacCorquodale, Patricia. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar

McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights at Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

McCorkle, Suzanne, and Marshall G. Most. 1997. “Fear and Loathing on the Editorial Page: An Analysis of Idaho's Anti-Gay Initiative.” Pp. 63–76 in Anti-Gay Rights: Assessing Voter Initiatives, edited by Witt, Stephanie L. and McCorkle, Suzanne. Westport (CT) and London: Praeger.Google Scholar

McIntosh, Mary. 1968. “The Homosexual Role.” Social Problems 16: 182–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McWhirter, David P., and Mattison, Andrew M.. 1984. The Male Couple: How Relationships Develop. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Mehren, Elizabeth. 2004. “Acceptance of Gays Rises Among New Generation.” Los Angeles Times, April 11.

Merin, Yuval. 2002. Equality for Same-Sex Couples: The Legal Recognition of Gay Partnerships in Europe and the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Merry, Sally Engle. 1990. Getting Justice and Getting Even: Legal Consciousness Among Working-Class Americans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Merry, Sally Engle. 1995. “Resistance and the Cultural Power of Law.” Law and Society Review 29: 11–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyer, Madonna Harrington. 2000. Carework: Gender, Labor and the Welfare State. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mies, Maria. 1983. “Towards a Methodology for Feminist Research.” In Theories of Women's Studies, edited by Bowles, Gloria and Klein, Renate D.. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Moats, David. 2004. Civil Wars: A Battle for Gay Marriage. Orlando: Harcourt.Google Scholar

Mohr, Richard D. 1994. A More Perfect Union: Why Straight America Must Stand Up for Gay Rights. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Moon, Dawne. 2004. God, Sex and Politics: Homosexuality and Everyday Theologies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Morris, Robert J. 1996. “Configuring the Bo(u)nds of Marriage: The Implications of Hawaiian Culture & Values for the Debate About Homogamy.” Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 8: 105–159.Google Scholar

Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2000. “Situating Legal Consciousness: Experiences and Attitudes of Ordinary Citizens About Law and Street Harassment.” Law and Society Review 34: 1055–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nielsen, Laura Beth. 2004. License to Harass: Law, Hierarchy, and Offensive Public Speech. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ortner, Sherry. 1984. “Theory in Anthropology Since the Sixties.” Comparative Studies in History and Society 26: 126–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Otnes, Cele C., and Pleck, Elizabeth H.. 2003. Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pascoe, Peggy. 2000. “Sex, Gender, and Same-Sex Marriage.” In Is Academic Feminism Dead?, edited by The Social Justice Group at the Center for Advanced Feminist Studies, University of Minnesota. New York and London: New York University Press.

Patterson, Davis G., Teresa Ciabattari and Pepper Schwartz. 1999. “The Constraints of Innovation: Commitment and Stability Among Same-Sex Couples.” In Handbook of Interpersonal Commitment and Relationship Stability, edited by Adams, Jeffrey M. and Warren, H Jones. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peplau, Letitia, and Susan Cochran. 1988. “Value Orientations in the Intimate Relationships of Gay Men.” In Gay Relationships, edited by DeCecco, John. New York: Haworth Press.Google Scholar

Peplau, Letitia, Susan Cochran and Vickie Mays. 1997. “A National Survey of the Intimate Relationships of African-American Lesbians and Gay Men.” In Ethnic and Cultural Diversity Among Lesbians and Gay Men, edited by Greene, Beverly. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage.Google Scholar

Phelan, Shane. 2001. Sexual Strangers: Gays, Lesbians, and Dilemmas of Citizenship. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Polikoff, Nancy D. 1993. “We Will Get What We Ask For: Why Legalizing Gay and Lesbian Marriage Will Not ‘Dismantle the Legal Structure of Gender in Every Marriage.’” Virginia Law Review 79: 1535–1550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Popenoe, David. 1996. Life Without Father. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Rauch, Jonathan. 1996. “For Better or Worse?” The New Republic, May 6, 18–19.

Rauch, Jonathan. 2004. Gay Marriage: Why It Is Good for Gays, Good for Straights, and Good for America. New York: Times Books.Google Scholar

Rimmerman, Craig A. 2002. From Identity to Politics: The Lesbian and Gay Movements in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Rochon, Thomas R. 1998. Culture Moves: Ideas, Activism, and Changing Values. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Rosenberg, Gerald N. 1991. The Hollow Hope: Can Courts Bring About Social Change?Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Rothenbuhler, Eric W. 1998. Ritual Communication: From Everyday Conversation to Mediated Ceremony. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, William B. 1997. “Divided We Litigate: Addressing Disputes Among Group Members and Lawyers in Civil Rights Campaigns.” Yale Law Journal 106: 1623–1681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rupp, Leila J., and Taylor, Verta. 2003. Drag Queens at the 801 Cabaret. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

“Same-Sex Issue Cost $3.1 Million.” 1999. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, April 24.

Sarat, Austin. 1990. “ ‘ … The Law Is All Over’: Power, Resistance, and the Legal Consciousness of the Welfare Poor.” Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 2: 343–379.Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Felstiner, William L. F.. 1989. “Lawyers and Legal Consciousness: Law Talk in the Divorce Lawyer's Office.” The Yale Law Journal 98: 1663–1688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Kearns, Thomas, eds. 1993. Law in Everyday Life. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Sarat, Austin, and Simon, Jonathan, eds. 2003. Cultural Analysis, Cultural Studies, and the Law: Moving Beyond Legal Realism. Durham (NC): Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sassler, Sharon. 2004. “The Process of Entering into Cohabiting Unions.” Journal of Marriage and Family 66: 491–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schacter, Jane S. 1994. “The Gay Civil Rights Debate in the States: Decoding the Discourse of Equivalents.” Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 29: 283–317.Google Scholar

Scheingold, Stuart A. 1974. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Schneider, David. 1976. “Notes Toward a Theory of Culture.” Pp. 197–220 in Meaning in Anthropology, edited by Basso, Keith H. and Selby, Henry A.. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar

Scott, James. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Seidman, Steven. 2002. Beyond the Closet: The Transformation of Gay and Lesbian Life. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sewell, William H. Jr. 1992. “A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation.” American Journal of Sociology 98: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sewell, William H. Jr. 1999. “The Concept(s) of Culture.” In Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, edited by Bonnell, Victoria E. and Hunt, Lynn. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Shanley, Mary Lyndon. 2004. “Just Marriage: On the Public Importance of Private Unions.” In Just Marriage, edited by Shanley, Mary Lyndon. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Sherrill, Kenneth. n.d. Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions, and the 2004 Presidential Election. New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute.

Sigelman, Lee, and Walkosz, Barbara J.. 1992. “Letters to the Editor as a Public Opinion Thermometer: The Martin Luther King Holiday Vote in Arizona.” Social Science Quarterly 73: 938–946.Google Scholar

Silvestrini, Elaine. 2005. “Rights Groups Say Courts Too ‘Hostile.’” Tampa Tribune, January 26.

Simmons, Tavia, and Martin O'Connell. 2003. Married-Couple and Unmarried-Partner Households: 2000. Census 2000 Special Reports. CENSR-5. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.

Skolnick, Arlene S. 1991. Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Smock, Pamela J. 2000. “Cohabitation in the United States: An Appraisal of Research Themes, Findings, and Implications.” Annual Review of Sociology 26: 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Solomon, Alisa. 2004. “State to Church: I Want a Divorce.” Village Voice, March 3–9.

Solomon, Sondra E., Rothblum, Esther D. and Balsam, Kimberly F.. 2004. “Pioneers in Partnership: Lesbian and Gay Male Couples in Civil Unions Compared with Those Not in Civil Unions, and Married Heterosexual Siblings.” Journal of Family Psychology 18: 275–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stacey, Judith. 1996. In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Values in the Postmodern Age. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Stacey, Judith. 2004. Untitled contribution to “Can Marriage Be Saved? A Forum.” The Nation, July 5, 25.

Stiers, Gretchen A. 1999. From This Day Forward: Commitment, Marriage, and Family in Lesbian and Gay Relationships. New York: St. Martin's Press.Google Scholar

Stoddard, Thomas B. 1992. “Why Gay People Should Seek the Right to Marry.” In Lesbian and Gay Marriage: Private Commitments, Public Ceremonies, edited by Sherman, Suzanne. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Reprinted from OUT/LOOK National Gay and Lesbian Quarterly 6 (Fall 1989).Google Scholar

Strasser, Mark. 1997. Legally Wed: Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Sullivan, Andrew. 1996. Virtually Normal: An Argument About Homosexuality. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar

Sunstein, Cass R. 1987. “On the Expressive Function of Law.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 144: 2,021–2,053.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swartz, Teresa Toguchi. 2004. “Mothering for the State: Foster Parenting and the Challenges of Government-Contracted Carework.” Gender and Society 18: 567–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swidler, Ann. 1986. “Culture in Action: Symbols and Strategies.” American Sociological Review 51: 273–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Swidler, Ann. 2001. Talk of Love: How Culture Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Taylor, Verta, Leila J. Rupp and Joshua Gamson. 2004. “Performing Protest: Drag Shows as Tactical Repertoire of the Gay and Lesbian Movement.” In Authority in Contention (Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, volume XXV), edited by Myers, Daniel J. and Cress, Daniel M.. Amsterdam and Oxford: Elsevier JAI.Google Scholar

Taylor, Verta, and Nella Van Dyke. 2004. “ ‘Get Up, Stand Up’: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A. and Kriesi, Hanspeter. Malden (MA): Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, Verta, and Nancy E. Whittier. 1992. “Collective Identity in Social Movement Communities: Lesbian Feminist Mobilization.” Pp. 104–129 in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol McClurg. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Troiden, Richard. 1998. “A Model of Homosexual Identity Formation.” In Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Reader, edited by Nardi, Peter M. and Schneider, Beth E.. London and New York: Routledge. Originally published in Gay and Lesbian Identity: A Sociological Analysis. New York: General Hall, 1988.Google Scholar

Trubek, David M. 1984. “Where the Action Is: Critical Legal Studies and Empiricism.” Stanford Law Review 36: 575–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

US Census Bureau. 2001. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau.

US Public Law 104–193. 104th Congress, August 22, 1996. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996.

Vaid, Urvashi. 1995. Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay and Lesbian Liberation. New York: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Volgy, Thomas J., Krigbaum, Margaret, Langan, Mary Kay and Moshier, Vicky. 1977. “Some of My Best Friends Are Letter Writers: Eccentrics and Gladiators Revisited.” Social Science Quarterly 58: 321–327.Google Scholar

“Voters Strongly Oppose Gay Unions.” 1997. Honolulu Star-Bulletin, February 24.

Waite, Linda J., and Gallagher, Maggie. 2000. The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off Financially. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Walters, Suzanna Danuta. 2001a. All the Rage: The Story of Gay Visibility in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Walters, Suzanna Danuta. 2001b. “Take My Domestic Partner, Please: Gays and Marriage in the Era of the Visible.” In Queer Families, Queer Politics: Challenging Culture and the State, edited by Bernstein, Mary and Reimann, Renate. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Warner, Michael. 1999. The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Webb, Eugene J., Campbell, Donald T., Schwartz, Richard D. and Sechrest, Lee. 1966. Unobtrusive Measures: Non-Reactive Research in the Social Sciences. Chicago: Rand McNally.Google Scholar

Weeks, Jeffrey, Heaphy, Brian and Donovan, Catherine. 2001. Same-Sex Intimacies: Families of Choice and Other Life Experiments. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Werum, Regina, and Winders, Bill. 2001. “Who's ‘In’ and Who's ‘Out’: State Fragmentation and the Struggle over Gay Rights, 1974–1999.” Social Problems 48: 386–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, Julie A., and Tronto, Joan C. 2004. “Political Practices of Care: Needs and Rights.” Ratio Juris 17: 425–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Whyte, Martin King. 1990. Dating, Mating, and Marriage. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Willetts, Marion C. 2003. “An Exploratory Investigation of Heterosexual Licensed Domestic Partners.” Journal of Marriage and Family 65: 939–952.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, James Q. 2002. The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families. New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar

Witt, Stephanie L., and McCorkle, Suzanne. 1997. Anti-Gay Rights: Assessing Voter Initiatives. Westport (CT) and London: Praeger.Google Scholar

Wittman, Carl. 1972. “Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifesto.” In The Homosexual Dialectic, edited by McCaffrey, Joseph A.. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Wolfson, Evan. 1994. “Crossing the Threshold: Equal Marriage Rights for Lesbians and Gay Men and the Intra-Community Critique.” New York University Review of Law and Social Change 21: 567–615.Google Scholar

Wolfson, Evan. 2004. Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Marry. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Yngvesson, Barabara. 1988. “Making Law at the Doorway: The Clerk, the Court, and the Construction of Community in a New England Town.” Law and Society Review 22: 409–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yuen, Mike. 1998. “Same-Sex Marriage Losing Big.” Honolulu Star-Bulletin, August 14.