Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76dd75c94c-ccc76 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T08:42:13.527Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 7 - Stroke associated with endovascular procedures

from Section II - Iatrogenic ischemic strokes: stroke after endovascular procedures

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2016

By
Nabeel A. Herial ,
Mushtaq H. Qureshi  and
Adnan I. Qureshi
Edited by
Alexander Tsiskaridze ,
Arne Lindgren  and
Adnan I. Qureshi
Alexander Tsiskaridze
Affiliation:
Sarajishvili Institute of Neurology, Tblisi State University, Georgia
Arne Lindgren
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lund, Sweden
Adnan I. Qureshi
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Treatment-Related Stroke
Including Iatrogenic and In-Hospital Strokes
 , pp. 63 - 88
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberts, M J, Brass, L M, Perry, A, Webb, D, Dawson, D V. Evaluation times for patients with in-hospital strokes. Stroke. 1993; 24:1817–22.Google Scholar
Emiru, T, Adil, M M, Suri, M F, Qureshi, A I. Thrombolytic treatment for in-hospital ischemic strokes in United States. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Neurology. 2014; 7:28–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Kelley, R E, Kovacs, A G. Mechanism of in-hospital cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 1986; 17:430–3.Google Scholar
Barnwell, S L, Clark, W M, Nguyen, T T, et al. Safety and efficacy of delayed intraarterial urokinase therapy with mechanical clot disruption for thromboembolic stroke. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1994; 15:1817–22.Google Scholar
Bavinzski, G, Killer, M, Ferraz-Leite, H, et al. Endovascular therapy of idiopathic cavernous aneurysms over 11 years. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998; 19:559–65.Google Scholar
Belan, A, Vesela, M, Vanek, I, Weiss, K, Peregrin, J H. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1982; 5:79–81.Google Scholar
Benati, A. Interventional neuroradiology for the treatment of inaccessible arterio-venous malformations. Acta Neurochirurgica. 1992; 118:76–9.Google Scholar
Brown, M M, Butler, P, Gibbs, J, Swash, M, Waterston, J. Feasibility of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for carotid artery stenosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1990; 53:238–43.Google Scholar
Casasco, A E, Aymard, A, Gobin, Y P, et al. Selective endovascular treatment of 71 intracranial aneurysms with platinum coils. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1993; 79:3–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cognard, C, Weill, A, Castaings, L, Rey, A, Moret, J. Intracranial berry aneurysms: Angiographic and clinical results after endovascular treatment. Radiology. 1998; 206:499–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawley, F, Clifton, A, Buckenham, T, et al. Comparison of hemodynamic cerebral ischemia and microembolic signals detected during carotid endarterectomy and carotid angioplasty. Stroke. 1997; 28:2460–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crawley, F, Clifton, A, Markus, H, Brown, M M. Delayed improvement in carotid artery diameter after carotid angioplasty. Stroke. 1997; 28:574–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Criado, F J, Wellons, E, Clark, N S. Evolving indications for and early results of carotid artery stenting. American Journal of Surgery. 1997; 174:111–14.Google Scholar
Cronqvist, M, Pierot, L, Boulin, A, et al. Local intraarterial fibrinolysis of thromboemboli occurring during endovascular treatment of intracerebral aneurysm: A comparison of anatomic results and clinical outcome. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998; 19:157–65.Google ScholarPubMed
Debrun, G, Vinuela, F, Fox, A, Drake, C G. Embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with bucrylate. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1982; 56:615–27.Google Scholar
Debrun, G M, Aletich, V, Ausman, J I, Charbel, F, Dujovny, M. Embolization of the nidus of brain arteriovenous malformations with n-butyl cyanoacrylate. Neurosurgery. 1997; 40:112–20.Google Scholar
Debrun, G M, Aletich, V A, Kehrli, P, et al. Selection of cerebral aneurysms for treatment using Guglielmi detachable coils: The preliminary University of Illinois at Chicago experience. Neurosurgery. 1998; 43:1281–95.Google ScholarPubMed
Diethrich, E B, Ndiaye, M, Reid, D B. Stenting in the carotid artery: Initial experience in 110 patients. Journal of Endovascular Surgery. 1996; 3:42–62.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dion, J E, Gates, P C, Fox, A J, Barnett, H J, Blom, R J. Clinical events following neuroangiography: A prospective study. Stroke. 1987; 18:997–1004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Earnest, F T, Forbes, G, Sandok, B A, et al. Complications of cerebral angiography: Prospective assessment of risk. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1984; 142:247–53.Google Scholar
Endo, S, Kuwayama, N, Hirashima, Y, et al. Results of urgent thrombolysis in patients with major stroke and atherothrombotic occlusion of the cervical internal carotid artery. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998; 19:1169–75.Google Scholar
Fournier, D, TerBrugge, K G, Willinsky, R, Lasjaunias, P, Montanera, W. Endovascular treatment of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations: Experience in 49 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1991; 75:228–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, A J, Pelz, D M, Lee, D H. Arteriovenous malformations of the brain: Recent results of endovascular therapy. Radiology. 1990; 177:51–7.Google Scholar
Freitag, G, Freitag, J, Koch, R D, Wagemann, W. Percutaneous angioplasty of carotid artery stenoses. Neuroradiology. 1986; 28:126–7.Google Scholar
Frey, J L, Greene, K A, Khayata, M H, et al. Intrathrombus administration of tissue plasminogen activator in acute cerebrovascular occlusion. Angiology. 1995; 46:649–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gil-Peralta, A, Mayol, A, Marcos, J R, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the symptomatic atherosclerotic carotid arteries. Results, complications, and follow-up. Stroke. 1996; 27:2271–3.Google Scholar
Gobin, Y P, Laurent, A, Merienne, L, et al. Treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations by embolization and radiosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1996; 85:19–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graves, V B, Strother, C M, Duff, T A, Perl, J 2nd. Early treatment of ruptured aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils: Effect on subsequent bleeding. Neurosurgery. 1995; 37:640–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guglielmi, G, Vinuela, F, Duckwiler, G, et al. Endovascular treatment of posterior circulation aneurysms by electrothrombosis using electrically detachable coils. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992; 77:515–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gurian, J H, Martin, N A, King, W A, et al. Neurosurgical management of cerebral aneurysms following unsuccessful or incomplete endovascular embolization. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1995; 83:843–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guterman, L R, Budny, J L, Gibbons, K J, Hopkins, L N. Thrombolysis of the cervical internal carotid artery before balloon angioplasty and stent placement: Report of two cases. Neurosurgery. 1996; 38:620–3.Google Scholar
Heiserman, J E, Dean, B L, Hodak, J A, et al. Neurologic complications of cerebral angiography. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1994; 15:1401–7.Google ScholarPubMed
Henry, M, Amor, M, Masson, I, et al. Angioplasty and stenting of the extracranial carotid arteries. Journal of Endovascular Surgery. 1998; 5:293–304.Google Scholar
Heras, M, Chesebro, J H, Penny, W J, et al. Importance of adequate heparin dosage in arterial angioplasty in a porcine model. Circulation. 1988; 78:654–60.Google Scholar
Higashida, R T, Halbach, V V, Barnwell, S L, et al. Treatment of intracranial aneurysms with preservation of the parent vessel: Results of percutaneous balloon embolization in 84 patients. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1990; 11:633–40.Google Scholar
Higashida, R T, Halbach, V V, Cahan, L D, Hieshima, G B, Konishi, Y. Detachable balloon embolization therapy of posterior circulation intracranial aneurysms. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1989; 71:512–19.Google Scholar
Higashida, R T, Halbach, V V, Dowd, C, et al. Endovascular detachable balloon embolization therapy of cavernous carotid artery aneurysms: Results in 87 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1990; 72:857–63.Google Scholar
Higashida, R T, Halbach, V V, Dowd, C F, Barnwell, S L, Hieshima, G B. Intracranial aneurysms: Interventional neurovascular treatment with detachable balloons – results in 215 cases. Radiology. 1991; 178:663–70.Google Scholar
Hodes, J E, Aymard, A, Gobin, Y P, et al. Endovascular occlusion of intracranial vessels for curative treatment of unclippable aneurysms: Report of 16 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1991; 75:694–701.Google Scholar
Huang, Z, Dai, Q, Suo, J, et al. Percutaneous endovascular embolization of intracerebral arteriovenous malformations. Experience in 72 cases. Chinese Medical Journal. 1995; 108:413–19.Google Scholar
Jordan, W D Jr., Schroeder, P T, Fisher, W S, McDowell, H A. A comparison of angioplasty with stenting versus endarterectomy for the treatment of carotid artery stenosis. Annals of Vascular Surgery. 1997; 11:2–8.Google Scholar
Jordan, W D Jr., Voellinger, D C, Doblar, D D, et al. Microemboli detected by transcranial Doppler monitoring in patients during carotid angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy. Cardiovascular Surgery. 1999; 7:33–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kachel, R, Basche, S, Heerklotz, I, Grossmann, K, Endler, S. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of supra-aortic arteries especially the internal carotid artery. Neuroradiology. 1991; 33:191–4.Google Scholar
Kachel, R, Endert, G, Basche, S, Grossmann, K, Glaser, F H. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (dilatation) of carotid, vertebral, and innominate artery stenoses. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1987; 10:142–6.Google Scholar
Kearon, C, Hirsh, J. Management of anticoagulation before and after elective surgery. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997; 336:1506–11.Google Scholar
Kesava, P, Graves, V, Salamat, S, Rappe, A. Intraarterial thrombolysis in a pig model: A preliminary note. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1997; 18:915–20.Google Scholar
Klein, G E, Szolar, D H, Leber, K A, Karaic, R, Hausegger, K A. Basilar tip aneurysm: Endovascular treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils – midterm results. Radiology. 1997; 205:191–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klotzsch, C, Nahser, H C, Henkes, H, Kuhne, D, Berlit, P. Detection of microemboli distal to cerebral aneurysms before and after therapeutic embolization. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998; 19:1315–18.Google Scholar
Koenigsberg, R A, Wysoki, M, Weiss, J, Faro, S H, Tsai, F Y. Risk of clot formation in femoral arterial sheaths maintained overnight for neuroangiographic procedures. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1999; 20:297–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Krupski, W C, Bass, A, Kelly, A B, Hanson, S R, Harker, L A. Reduction in thrombus formation by placement of endovascular stents at endarterectomy sites in baboon carotid arteries. Circulation. 1991; 84:1749–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuether, T A, Nesbit, G M, Barnwell, S L. Clinical and angiographic outcomes, with treatment data, for patients with cerebral aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils: A single-center experience. Neurosurgery. 1998; 43:1016–25.Google Scholar
Lagalla, G, Ceravolo, M G, Provinciali, L, et al. Transcranial Doppler sonographic monitoring during cerebral aneurysm embolization: A preliminary report. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998; 19:1549–53.Google Scholar
Lam, J Y, Chesebro, J H, Steele, P M, et al. Deep arterial injury during experimental angioplasty: Relation to a positive indium-111-labeled platelet scintigram, quantitative platelet deposition and mural thrombosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1986; 8:1380–6.Google Scholar
Larson, J J, Tew, J M Jr., Tomsick, T A, van Loveren, H R. Treatment of aneurysms of the internal carotid artery by intravascular balloon occlusion: Long-term follow-up of 58 patients. Neurosurgery. 1995; 36:26–30.Google Scholar
Lincoff, A M, Tcheng, J E, Califf, R M, et al. Standard versus low-dose weight-adjusted heparin in patients treated with the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antibody fragment abciximab (c7E3 Fab) during percutaneous coronary revascularization. PROLOG investigators. American Journal of Cardiology. 1997; 79:286–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundqvist, C, Wikholm, G, Svendsen, P. Embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Part II – aspects of complications and late outcome. Neurosurgery. 1996; 39:460–7.Google Scholar
Malisch, T W, Guglielmi, G, Vinuela, F, et al. Intracranial aneurysms treated with the Guglielmi detachable coil: Midterm clinical results in a consecutive series of 100 patients. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997; 87:176–83.Google Scholar
Markus, H S, Clifton, A, Buckenham, T, Brown, M M. Carotid angioplasty. Detection of embolic signals during and after the procedure. Stroke. 1994; 25:2403–6.Google Scholar
Markus, H S, Clifton, A, Buckenham, T, Taylor, R, Brown, M M. Improvement in cerebral hemodynamics after carotid angioplasty. Stroke. 1996; 27:612–16.Google Scholar
Mathur, A, Roubin, G S, Gomez, C R, et al. Elective carotid artery stenting in the presence of contralateral occlusion. American Journal of Cardiology. 1998; 81:1315–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathur, A, Roubin, G S, Iyer, S S, et al. Predictors of stroke complicating carotid artery stenting. Circulation. 1998; 97:1239–45.Google Scholar
McDougall, C G, Halbach, V V, Dowd, C F, et al. Treatment of basilar tip aneurysms using electrolytically detachable coils. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1996; 84:393–9.Google Scholar
Mericle, R A, Lanzino, G, Wakhloo, A K, Guterman, L R, Hopkins, L N. Stenting and secondary coiling of intracranial internal carotid artery aneurysm: Technical case report. Neurosurgery. 1998; 43:1229–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merland, J J, Rufenacht, D, Laurent, A, Guimaraens, L. Endovascular treatment with isobutyl cyano acrylate in patients with arteriovenous malformation of the brain. Indications, results and complications. Acta Radiologica. Supplementum. 1986; 369:621–2.Google Scholar
Moret, J, Pierot, L, Boulin, A, Castaings, L, Rey, A. Endovascular treatment of anterior communicating artery aneurysms using Guglielmi detachable coils. Neuroradiology. 1996; 38:800–5.Google Scholar
Munari, L M, Belloni, G, Perretti, A, et al. Carotid percutaneous angioplasty. Neurological Research. 1992; 14:156–8.Google Scholar
Nakstad, P H, Nornes, H. Superselective angiography, embolisation and surgery in treatment of arteriovenous malformations of the brain. Neuroradiology. 1994; 36:410–13.Google Scholar
Nesbit, G M, Clark, W M, O’Neill, O R, Barnwell, S L. Intracranial intraarterial thrombolysis facilitated by microcatheter navigation through an occluded cervical internal carotid artery. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1996; 84:387–92.Google Scholar
Nichols, D A, Brown, R D Jr., Thielen, K R, et al. Endovascular treatment of ruptured posterior circulation aneurysms using electrolytically detachable coils. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997; 87:374–80.Google Scholar
Pasqualin, A, Scienza, R, Cioffi, F, et al. Treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with a combination of preoperative embolization and surgery. Neurosurgery. 1991; 29:358–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pelz, D M, Lownie, S P, Fox, A J. Thromboembolic events associated with the treatment of cerebral aneurysms with Guglielmi detachable coils. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998; 19:1541–7.Google Scholar
Pierot, L, Boulin, A, Castaings, L, Rey, A, Moret, J. Selective occlusion of basilar artery aneurysms using controlled detachable coils: Report of 35 cases. Neurosurgery. 1996; 38:948–53.Google Scholar
Raschke, R A, Reilly, B M, Guidry, J R, Fontana, J R, Srinivas, S. The weight-based heparin dosing nomogram compared with a “standard care” nomogram. A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993; 119:874–81.Google Scholar
Raymond, J, Roy, D. Safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured aneurysms. Neurosurgery. 1997; 41:1235–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raymond, J, Roy, D, Bojanowski, M, Moumdjian, R, L’Esperance, G. Endovascular treatment of acutely ruptured and unruptured aneurysms of the basilar bifurcation. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997; 86:211–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raymond, J, Theron, J. Intracavernous aneurysms: Treatment by proximal balloon occlusion of the internal carotid artery. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1986; 7:1087–92.Google Scholar
Rich, L F, Weimar, V L, Squires, E L, Haraguchi, K H. Stimulation of corneal wound healing with mesodermal growth factor. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1979; 97:1326–30.Google Scholar
Roubin, G S, Yadav, S, Iyer, S S, Vitek, J. Carotid stent-supported angioplasty: A neurovascular intervention to prevent stroke. American Journal of Cardiology. 1996; 78:8–12.Google Scholar
Rowe, J G, Byrne, J V, Molyneux, A, Rajagopalan, B. Haemodynamic consequences of embolizing aneurysms: A transcranial Doppler study. British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1995; 9:749–57.Google Scholar
Rowe, J G, Molyneux, A J, Byrne, J V, Renowden, S, Aziz, T Z. Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms: A minimally invasive approach with advantages for elderly patients. Age and Ageing. 1996; 25:372–6.Google Scholar
Sawyer, P N, Stanczewski, B, Pomerance, A, Stoner, G, Srinivasan, S. Utility of anticoagulant drugs in vascular thrombosis: Electron microscopic and biophysical study. Surgery. 1973; 74:263–75.Google Scholar
Scarborough, R M, Rose, J W, Hsu, M A, et al. Barbourin. A GPIIB-IIIa-specific integrin antagonist from the venom of Sistrurus m. barbouri. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1991; 266:9359–62.Google Scholar
Schatz, R A, Baim, D S, Leon, M, et al. Clinical experience with the Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent. Initial results of a multicenter study. Circulation. 1991; 83:148–61.Google Scholar
Schlossman, D. Thrombogenic properties of vascular catheter materials in vivo. The differences between materials. Acta Radiologica: Diagnosis. 1973; 14:186–92.Google Scholar
Schomig, A, Neumann, F J, Kastrati, A, al. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996; 334:1084–9.Google Scholar
Schumacher, M, Horton, J A. Treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations with PVA. Results and analysis of complications. Neuroradiology. 1991; 33:101–5.Google Scholar
Segi, E, Sugimoto, Y, Yamasaki, A, et al. Patent ductus arteriosus and neonatal death in prostaglandin receptor EP4-deficient mice. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1998; 246:7–12.Google Scholar
Serbinenko, F A. Balloon catheterization and occlusion of major cerebral vessels. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1974; 41:125–45.Google Scholar
Serruys, P W, de Jaegere, P, Kiemeneij, F, et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent study group. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994; 331:489–95.Google Scholar
Sharis, P J, Cannon, C P, Loscalzo, J. The antiplatelet effects of ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1998; 129:394–405.Google Scholar
Smedema, J P, Saaiman, A. Carotid stent-assisted angioplasty. South African Medical Journal. 1997; 87 Suppl 1:C9–14.Google Scholar
Smith, D C, Smith, L L, Hasso, A N. Fibromuscular dysplasia of the internal carotid artery treated by operative transluminal balloon angioplasty. Radiology. 1985; 155:645–8.Google Scholar
Smyth, S S, Joneckis, C C, Parise, L V. Regulation of vascular integrins. Blood. 1993; 81:2827–43.Google Scholar
Sobel, M, McNeill, P M, Carlson, P L, et al. Heparin inhibition of von Willebrand factor-dependent platelet function in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1991; 87:1787–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Speidel, C M, Eisenberg, P R, Ruf, W, Edgington, T S, Abendschein, D R. Tissue factor mediates prolonged procoagulant activity on the luminal surface of balloon-injured aortas in rabbits. Circulation. 1995; 92:3323–30.Google Scholar
Spetzler, R F, Martin, N A, Carter, L P, et al. Surgical management of large AVM’s by staged embolization and operative excision. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1987; 67:17–28.Google Scholar
Stormorken, H. Effects of contrast media on the hemostatic and thrombotic mechanisms. Investigative Radiology. 1988; 23 Suppl 2:S318–25.Google Scholar
Taki, W, Nishi, S, Yamashita, K, et al. Selection and combination of various endovascular techniques in the treatment of giant aneurysms. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1992; 77:37–42.Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, G P, Lefkowitz, M A, Giannotta, S L. Carotid angioplasty and stenting in high-risk patients. Surgical Neurology. 1998; 50:300–11.Google Scholar
Theodotou, B C, Whaley, R, Mahaley, M S. Complications following transfemoral cerebral angiography for cerebral ischemia. Report of 159 angiograms and correlation with surgical risk. Surgical Neurology. 1987; 28:90–2.Google Scholar
Theron, J, Courtheoux, P, Alachkar, F, Bouvard, G, Maiza, D. New triple coaxial catheter system for carotid angioplasty with cerebral protection. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1990; 11:869–74.Google Scholar
Theron, J G, Payelle, G G, Coskun, O, Huet, H F, Guimaraens, L. Carotid artery stenosis: Treatment with protected balloon angioplasty and stent placement. Radiology. 1996; 201:627–36.Google Scholar
Theroux, P. Antiplatelet therapy: Do the new platelet inhibitors add significantly to the clinical benefits of aspirin? American Heart Journal. 1997; 134:S62–70.Google Scholar
Theroux, P, Waters, D, Lam, J, Juneau, M, McCans, J. Reactivation of unstable angina after the discontinuation of heparin. New England Journal of Medicine. 1992; 327:141–5.Google Scholar
Thielen, K R, Nichols, D A, Fulgham, J R, Piepgras, D G. Endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms following incomplete clipping. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997; 87:184–9.Google Scholar
Topol, E J. Ultrathrombolysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1990; 15:922–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Topol, E J, Bonan, R, Jewitt, D, et al. Use of a direct antithrombin, hirulog, in place of heparin during coronary angioplasty. Circulation. 1993; 87:1622–9.Google Scholar
Touho, H. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in the treatment of atherosclerotic disease of the anterior cerebral circulation and hemodynamic evaluation. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1995; 82:953–60.Google Scholar
Tournade, A, Courtheoux, P, Sengel, C, Ozgulle, S, Tajahmady, T. Saccular intracranial aneurysms: Endovascular treatment with mechanical detachable spiral coils. Radiology. 1997; 202:481–6.Google Scholar
Tsai, F Y, Matovich, V, Hieshima, G, et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the carotid artery. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1986; 7:349–58.Google Scholar
Turpie, A G. Successors to heparin: New antithrombotic agents. American Heart Journal. 1997; 134:S71–77.Google Scholar
Van Belle, E, Tio, F O, Chen, D, et al. Passivation of metallic stents after arterial gene transfer of phVEGF165 inhibits thrombus formation and intimal thickening. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 1997; 29:1371–9.Google Scholar
Vinuela, F, Dion, J E, Duckwiler, G, et al. Combined endovascular embolization and surgery in the management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Experience with 101 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1991; 75:856–64.Google Scholar
Vinuela, F, Duckwiler, G, Mawad, M. Guglielmi detachable coil embolization of acute intracranial aneurysm: Perioperative anatomical and clinical outcome in 403 patients. Journal of Neurosurgery. 1997; 86:475–82.Google Scholar
Vorchheimer, D A, Badimon, JJ, Fuster, V. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists in cardiovascular disease. JAMA. 1999; 281:1407–14.Google Scholar
Vozzi, C R, Rodriguez, A O, Paolantonio, D, Smith, J A, Wholey, M H. Extracranial carotid angioplasty and stenting. Initial results and short-term follow-up. Texas Heart Institute Journal. 1997; 24:167–72.Google Scholar
Waigand, J, Gross, C M, Uhlich, F, et al. Elective stenting of carotid artery stenosis in patients with severe coronary artery disease. European Heart Journal. 1998; 19:1365–70.Google Scholar
Wallace, R C, Flom, R A, Khayata, M H, et al. The safety and effectiveness of brain arteriovenous malformation embolization using acrylic and particles: The experiences of a single institution. Neurosurgery. 1995; 37:606–15.Google Scholar
Wardlaw, J M, Warlow, C P, Counsell, C. Systematic review of evidence on thrombolytic therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1997; 350:607–14.Google Scholar
Warkentin, T E, Levine, M N, Hirsh, J, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995; 332:1330–5.Google Scholar
Weitz, J I. Low-molecular-weight heparins. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997; 337:688–98.Google Scholar
Weitz, J I, Hudoba, M, Massel, D, Maraganore, J, Hirsh, J. Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1990; 86:385–91.Google Scholar
Wholey, M H, Wholey, M H, Jarmolowski, C R, et al. Endovascular stents for carotid artery occlusive disease. Journal of Endovascular Surgery. 1997; 4:326–38.Google Scholar
Wikholm, G, Lundqvist, C, Svendsen, P. Embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Part I – technique, morphology, and complications. Neurosurgery. 1996; 39:448–57.Google Scholar
Wityk, R J, Pessin, M S, Kaplan, R F, Caplan, L R. Serial assessment of acute stroke using the NIH stroke scale. Stroke. 1994; 25:362–5.Google Scholar
Yadav, J S, Roubin, G S, King, P, Iyer, S, Vitek, J. Angioplasty and stenting for restenosis after carotid endarterectomy. Initial experience. Stroke. 1996; 27:2075–9.Google Scholar
Yakes, W F, Krauth, L, Ecklund, J, et al. Ethanol endovascular management of brain arteriovenous malformations: Initial results. Neurosurgery. 1997; 40:1145–52.Google Scholar
Yalamanchili, K, Rosenwasser, R H, Thomas, J E, et al. Frequency of cerebral vasospasm in patients treated with endovascular occlusion of intracranial aneurysms. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998; 19:553–8.Google Scholar
CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996; 348:1329–39.Google Scholar
Ansara, A J, Shiltz, D L, Slavens, J B. Use of cilostazol for secondary stroke prevention: An old dog with new tricks? Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2012; 46:394–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gotoh, F, Tohgi, H, Hirai, S, et al. Cilostazol stroke prevention study: A placebo-controlled double-blind trial for secondary prevention of cerebral infarction. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases. 2000; 9:147–57.Google Scholar
Dinicolantonio, J J, Lavie, C J, Fares, H, et al. Meta-analysis of cilostazol versus aspirin for the secondary prevention of stroke. American Journal of Cardiology. 2013; 112:1230–4.Google Scholar
Kamal, A K, Naqvi, I, Husain, M R, Khealani, B A. Cilostazol versus aspirin for secondary prevention of vascular events after stroke of arterial origin. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011; CD008076.Google Scholar
Ikeda, Y. Antiplatelet therapy using cilostazol, a specific PPE3 inhibitor. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 1999; 82:435–8.Google Scholar
Jeng, J S, Sun, Y, Lee, J T, et al. The efficacy and safety of cilostazol in ischemic stroke patients with peripheral arterial disease (SPAD): Protocol of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. International Journal of Stroke. 2015; 10:123–7.Google Scholar
Lefkovits, J, Plow, E F, Topol, E J. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptors in cardiovascular medicine. New England Journal of Medicine. 1995; 332:1553–9.Google Scholar
PRISM-PLUS study investigators. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet receptor inhibition in ischemic syndrome management in patients limited by unstable signs and symptoms (PRISM-PLUS). New England Journal of Medicine. 1998; 338:1488–97.Google Scholar
Ciccone, A, Motto, C, Abraha, I, Cozzolino, F, Santilli, I. Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014; 3:CD005208.Google Scholar
Adams, H P Jr., Effron, M B, Torner, J, et al. Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: Results of an international phase III trial: Abciximab in emergency treatment of stroke trial (ABESTT-II). Stroke. 2008; 39:87–99.Google Scholar
Velat, G J, Burry, M V, Eskioglu, E, et al. The use of abciximab in the treatment of acute cerebral thromboembolic events during neuroendovascular procedures. Surgical Neurology. 2006; 65:352–8.Google Scholar
Siebler, M, Hennerici, M G, Schneider, D, et al. Safety of tirofiban in acute ischemic stroke: The SATIS trial. Stroke. 2011; 42:2388–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kellert, L, Hametner, C, Rohde, S, et al. Endovascular stroke therapy: Tirofiban is associated with risk of fatal intracerebral hemorrhage and poor outcome. Stroke. 2013; 44:1453–5.Google Scholar
Cannon, C P. Oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors – part I. Clinical Cardiology. 2003; 26:358–64.Google Scholar
Second, S I. Randomized trial of aspirin, sibrafiban, or both for secondary prevention after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2001; 103:1727–33.Google Scholar
Cannon, C P, McCabe, C H, Wilcox, R G, et al. Oral glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with orbofiban in patients with unstable coronary syndromes (OPUS-TIMI 16) trial. Circulation. 2000; 102:149–56.Google Scholar
O’Neill, W W, Serruys, P, Knudtson, M, et al. Long-term treatment with a platelet glycoprotein-receptor antagonist after percutaneous coronary revascularization. EXCITE trial investigators. Evaluation of oral xemilofiban in controlling thrombotic events. New England Journal of Medicine. 2000; 342:1316–24.Google Scholar
Mousa, S A, Khurana, S, Forsythe, M S. Comparative in vitro efficacy of different platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists on platelet-mediated clot strength induced by tissue factor with use of thromboelastography: Differentiation among glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2000; 20:1162–7.Google Scholar
The SYMPHONY investigators. Comparison of sibrafiban with aspirin for prevention of cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes: A randomised trial. Sibrafiban versus aspirin to yield maximum protection from ischemic heart events post-acute coronary syndromes. Lancet. 2000; 355:337–45.Google Scholar
Chew, D P, Bhatt, D L, Sapp, S, Topol, E J. Increased mortality with oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists: A meta-analysis of phase III multicenter randomized trials. Circulation. 2001; 103:201–6.Google Scholar
Saw, J, Bajzer, C, Casserly, I P, et al. Evaluating the optimal activated clotting time during carotid artery stenting. American Journal of Cardiology. 2006; 97:1657–60.Google Scholar
Batchelor, W B, Mahaffey, K W, Berger, P B, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of enoxaparin after high-risk coronary stenting: The ATLAST trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2001; 38:1608–13.Google Scholar
Hassan, A E, Memon, M Z, Georgiadis, A L, et al. Safety and tolerability of high-intensity anticoagulation with bivalirudin during neuroendovascular procedures. Neurocritical Care. 2011; 15:96–100.Google Scholar
Zidar, J P. Rationale for low-molecular weight heparin in coronary stenting. American Heart Journal. 1997; 134:S81–87.Google Scholar
McDougall, C G, Johnston, S C, Gholkar, A, et al. Bioactive versus bare platinum coils in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: The MAPS (matrix and platinum science) trial. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2014; 35:935–42.Google Scholar
Molyneux, A J, Clarke, A, Sneade, M, et al. Cerecyte coil trial: Angiographic outcomes of a prospective randomized trial comparing endovascular coiling of cerebral aneurysms with either cerecyte or bare platinum coils. Stroke. 2012; 43:2544–50.Google Scholar
Coley, S, Sneade, M, Clarke, A, et al. Cerecyte coil trial: Procedural safety and clinical outcomes in patients with ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2012; 33:474–80.Google Scholar
Butteriss, D, Gholkar, A, Mitra, D, Birchall, D, Jayakrishnan, V. Single-center experience of cerecyte coils in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: Initial experience and early follow-up results. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2008; 29:53–5.Google Scholar
Kallmes, D F, Ding, Y H, Dai, D, et al. A new endoluminal, flow-disrupting device for treatment of saccular aneurysms. Stroke. 2007; 38:2346–52.Google Scholar
Nelson, P K, Lylyk, P, Szikora, I, et al. The pipeline embolization device for the intracranial treatment of aneurysms trial. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2011; 32:34–40.Google Scholar
De Vries, J, Boogaarts, J, Van Norden, A, Wakhloo, A K. New generation of flow diverter (surpass) for unruptured intracranial aneurysms: A prospective single-center study in 37 patients. Stroke. 2013; 44:1567–77.Google Scholar
Darsaut, T E, Bing, F, Makoyeva, A, et al. Flow diversion to treat aneurysms: The free segment of stent. Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery. 2013; 5:452–7.Google Scholar
Augsburger, L, Farhat, M, Reymond, P, et al. Effect of flow diverter porosity on intraaneurysmal blood flow. Klinische Neuroradiologie. 2009; 19:204–14.Google Scholar
Walcott, B P, Pisapia, J M, Nahed, B V, Kahle, K T, Ogilvy, C S. Early experience with flow diverting endoluminal stents for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 2011; 18:891–4.Google Scholar
McAuliffe, W, Wycoco, V, Rice, H, et al. Immediate and midterm results following treatment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms with the pipeline embolization device. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2012; 33:164–70.Google Scholar
Stabile, E, Salemme, L, Sorropago, G, et al. Proximal endovascular occlusion for carotid artery stenting: Results from a prospective registry of 1,300 patients. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2010; 55:1661–7.Google Scholar
Ang, L, Mahmud, E. Monitoring oral antiplatelet therapy: Is it justified? Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease. 2008; 2:485–96.Google Scholar
Smith, J W, Steinhubl, S R, Lincoff, A M, et al. Rapid platelet-function assay: An automated and quantitative cartridge-based method. Circulation. 1999; 99:620–5.Google Scholar
Antman, E M, Wiviott, S D, Murphy, S A, et al. Early and late benefits of prasugrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: A triton-timi 38 (trial to assess improvement in therapeutic outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibition with prasugrel-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction) analysis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008; 51:2028–33.Google Scholar
Steinhubl, S R, Talley, J D, Braden, G A, et al. Point-of-care measured platelet inhibition correlates with a reduced risk of an adverse cardiac event after percutaneous coronary intervention: Results of the GOLD (AU-Assessing Ultegra) multicenter study. Circulation. 2001; 103:2572–8.Google Scholar
Helena Laboratories. 2015Google Scholar
Simon, D I, Liu, C B, Ganz, P, et al. A comparative study of light transmission aggregometry and automated bedside platelet function assays in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and receiving abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 2001; 52:425–32.Google Scholar
Mukherjee, D, Chew, D P, Robbins, M, et al. Clinical application of procedural platelet monitoring during percutaneous coronary intervention among patients at increased bleeding risk. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis. 2001; 11:151–4.Google Scholar
Pandya, D J, Fitzsimmons, B F, Wolfe, T J, et al. Measurement of antiplatelet inhibition during neurointerventional procedures: The effect of antithrombotic duration and loading dose. Journal of Neuroimaging. 2010; 20:64–9.Google Scholar
Lee, D H, Arat, A, Morsi, H, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy monitoring for neurointerventional procedures using a point-of-care platelet function test: A single-center experience. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2008; 29:1389–94.Google Scholar
Hill, M D, Martin, R H, Mikulis, D, et al. Safety and efficacy of NA-1 in patients with iatrogenic stroke after endovascular aneurysm repair (ENACT): A phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. Neurology. 2012; 11:942–50.Google Scholar
Qureshi, A I, Luft, A R, Sharma, M, et al. Prevention and treatment of thromboembolic and ischemic complications associated with endovascular procedures: Part II – clinical aspects and recommendations. Neurosurgery. 2000; 46:1360–75.Google Scholar
Qureshi, A I, Janardhan, V, Memon, M Z, et al. Initial experience in establishing an academic neuroendovascular service: Program building, procedural types, and outcomes. Journal of Neuroimaging. 2009; 19:72–9.Google Scholar
Silver, F L, Mackey, A, Clark, W M, et al. Safety of stenting and endarterectomy by symptomatic status in the carotid revascularization endarterectomy versus stenting trial (CREST). Stroke. 2011; 42:675–80.Google Scholar
Bonati, L H, Jongen, L M, Haller, S, et al. New ischaemic brain lesions on MRI after stenting or endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis: A substudy of the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS). Lancet. Neurology. 2010; 9:353–62.Google Scholar
Economopoulos, K P, Sergentanis, T N, Tsivgoulis, G, Mariolis, A D, Stefanadis, C. Carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: A comprehensive meta-analysis of short-term and long-term outcomes. Stroke. 2011; 42:687–92.Google Scholar
Halliday, A, Mansfield, A, Marro, J, et al. Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: Randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004; 363:1491–502.Google Scholar
Rothwell, P M, Eliasziw, M, Gutnikov, S A, et al. Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. Lancet. 2003; 361:107–16.Google Scholar
Yadav, J S, Wholey, M H, Kuntz, R E, et al. Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. New England Journal of Medicine. 2004; 351:1493–501.Google Scholar
Mas, J L, Chatellier, G, Beyssen, B, EVA-35 Investigators. Carotid angioplasty and stenting with and without cerebral protection: Clinical alert from the Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) Trial. Stroke. 2004; 35:e18–20.Google Scholar
Matsumura, J S, Gray, W, Chaturvedi, S, et al. Results of carotid artery stenting with distal embolic protection with improved systems: Protected Carotid Artery Stenting in Patients at High Risk for Carotid Endarterectomy (PROTECT) Trial. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2012; 55:968–76.Google Scholar
Myla, S, Bacharach, J M, Ansel, G M, et al. Carotid artery stenting in high surgical risk patients using the fibernet embolic protection system: The EPIC trial results. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 2010; 75:817–22.Google Scholar
Higashida, R T, Popma, J J, Apruzzese, P, Zimetbaum, P; MAVErIC I and II Investigators. Evaluation of the Medtronic exponent self-expanding carotid stent system with the Medtronic guardwire temporary occlusion and aspiration system in the treatment of carotid stenosis: Combined from the MAVErIC (Medtronic AVE self-expanding carotid stent system with distal protection in the treatment of carotid stenosis) I and MAVErIC II trials. Stroke. 2010; 41:e102–9.Google Scholar
Ansel, G M, Hopkins, L N, Jaff, M R, et al. Safety and effectiveness of the INVATEC MO.MA proximal cerebral protection device during carotid artery stenting: Results from the ARMOUR pivotal trial. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 2010; 76:1–8.Google Scholar
Ohki, T, Parodi, J, Veith, F J, et al. Efficacy of a proximal occlusion catheter with reversal of flow in the prevention of embolic events during carotid artery stenting: An experimental analysis. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2001; 33:504–9.Google Scholar
Harada, K, Kakumoto, K, Morioka, J, Saito, T, Fukuyama, K. Combination of flow reversal and distal filter for cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting. Annals of Vascular Surgery. 2014; 28:651–8.Google Scholar
Cano, M N, Kambara, A M, de Cano, S J, et al. Randomized comparison of distal and proximal cerebral protection during carotid artery stenting. Cardiovascular Interventions. 2013; 6:1203–9.Google Scholar
Stabile, E, Sannino, A, Schiattarella, G G, et al. Cerebral embolic lesions detected with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging following carotid artery stenting: A meta-analysis of 8 studies comparing filter cerebral protection and proximal balloon occlusion. Cardiovascular Interventions. 2014; 7:1177–83.Google Scholar
Bersin, R M, Stabile, E, Ansel, G M, et al. A meta-analysis of proximal occlusion device outcomes in carotid artery stenting. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions. 2012; 80:1072–8.Google Scholar
Dalainas, I, Nano, G, Bianchi, P, et al. Dual antiplatelet regime versus acetyl-acetic acid for carotid artery stenting. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 2006; 29:519–21.Google Scholar
McKevitt, F M, Randall, M S, Cleveland, T J, et al. The benefits of combined anti-platelet treatment in carotid artery stenting. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 2005; 29:522–7.Google Scholar
Van Der Heyden, J, Van Werkum, J, Hackeng, C M, et al. High versus standard clopidogrel loading in patients undergoing carotid artery stenting prior to cardiac surgery to assess the number of microemboli detected with transcranial Doppler: Results of the randomized IMPACT trial. Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2013; 54:337–47.Google Scholar
Nakagawa, I, Wada, T, Park, H S, et al. Platelet inhibition by adjunctive cilostazol suppresses the frequency of cerebral ischemic lesions after carotid artery stenting in patients with carotid artery stenosis. Journal of Vascular Surgery. 2014; 59:761–7.Google Scholar
Zahn, R, Ischinger, T, Hochadel, M, et al. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists during carotid artery stenting: Results from the Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS) registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausarzte (ALKK). Clinical Research in Cardiology. 2007; 96:730–7.Google Scholar
Hofmann, R, Kerschner, K, Steinwender, C, et al. Abciximab bolus injection does not reduce cerebral ischemic complications of elective carotid artery stenting: A randomized study. Stroke. 2002; 33:725–7.Google Scholar
Qureshi, A I, Suri, M F, Ali, Z, et al. Carotid angioplasty and stent placement: A prospective analysis of perioperative complications and impact of intravenously administered abciximab. Neurosurgery. 2002; 50:466–73.Google Scholar
Walcott, B P, Gerrard, J L, Nogueira, R G, et al. Microsurgical retrieval of an endovascular microcatheter trapped during onyx embolization of a cerebral arteriovenous malformation. Journal of Neurointerventional Surgery. 2011; 3:77–9.Google Scholar
Huk, W, Becker, H. [Complication after embolization of an AVM with onyx]. Klinische Neuroradiologie. 2009; 19:145–52.Google Scholar
Chimowitz, M I, Lynn, M J, Derdeyn, C P, et al. Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011; 365:993–1003.Google Scholar
Siddiq, F, Chaudhry, S A, Khatri, R, et al. Rate of postprocedural stroke and death in SAMMPRIS trial-eligible patients treated with intracranial angioplasty and/or stent placement in practice. Neurosurgery. 2012; 71:68–73.Google Scholar
Qureshi, A I, Abou-Chebl, A, Jovin, T G. Qualification requirements for performing neurointerventional procedures: A report of the Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Society of Neuroimaging and the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology. Journal of Neuroimaging. 2008; 18:433–47.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×