Becker, Lee B., Vlad, Tudor, and Nusser, Nancy (2007). “An Evaluation of Press Freedom Indicators.” The International Communication Gazette, 69(1), 5–28.Google Scholar

Burgess, John (2010, July). “Evaluating the Evaluators: Media Freedom Indexes and What They Measure.” In Monitoring and Evaluation Report from the Center for International Media Assistance at the National Endowment for Democracy.Google Scholar

Bush, Sarah Sunn (2017). “The Politics of Rating Freedom: Ideological Affinity, Private Authority, and Freedom in the World Ratings.” Perspectives on Politics, 15(3), 711–731.Google Scholar

Andrea, Czepek, Hellwig, Melanie, and Nowak, Eva (eds.) (2009). Press Freedom and Pluralism in Europe: Concepts and Conditions. Bristol: Intellect Press.Google Scholar

Friedman, Steven (2011). “Whose Freedom? South Africa’s Press, Middle-Class Bias and the Threat of Control.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 32(2), 106–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guerrero, Manuel Alejandro and Ramiréz, Mireya Márquez (2014). “The ‘Captured Liberal’ Model of Media Systems in Latin America.” In Guerrero, M. and Márquez-Ramírez, M. (eds.), Media Systems and Communication Policies in Latin America (pp. 43–65). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Kellam, Marisa and Stein, Elizabeth A. (2016). “Silencing Critics: Why and How Presidents Restrict Media Freedom in Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies, 49(1), 36–77.Google Scholar

Leigh, Robert D. (1947). A Free and Responsible Press. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Martin, Justin D., Abbas, Dalia, and Martins, Ralph J. (2016). “The Validity of Global Press Ratings.” Journalism Practice, 10(1), 93–108.Google Scholar

Nixon, Raymond B (1960). “Factors Related to Press Freedom in National Press Systems.” Journalism Quarterly, 37(1), 13–28.Google Scholar

Nixon, Raymond B (1965). “Freedom in the World’s Press: A Fresh Appraisal with New Data.” Journalism Quarterly, 42(1), 3–14.Google Scholar

Rodriguéz Arechavaleta, Carlos Manuel (2011). “Apuntes sobre el Derecho a la Información en México en los Años 70: Entre el Nuevo Orden Informativo y la Crisis de Legitimidad Interna.” Nuevo Época, no. 6.Google Scholar

Sartori, Giovanni (1970). “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” American Political Science Review, 64(4), 1033–1053.Google Scholar

Schiller, Naomi (2013). “Reckoning with Press Freedom: Community Media, Liberalism and the Processual State in Caracas, Venezuela.” American Ethnologist, 40(3), 540–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schiller, Naomi (2018). Channeling the State: Community Media and Popular Politics in Venezuela. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Segura, María Soledad and Waisbord, Silvio (2016). Media Movements: Civil Society and Media Policy Reform in Latin America. London: Zed Books Ltd.Google Scholar

de Tocqueville, Alexis (1969). Democracy in America. In Mayer, J. P. (ed.), George Lawrence (trans.). Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Volokh, Eugene (1996). “Cheap Speech and What It Will Do.” The Communication Review, 1(3), 261–290.Google Scholar

Waisbord, Silvio (2011). “Between Support and Confrontation: Civic Society, Media Reform and Populism in Latin America.” Communication, Culture & Critique, 4(1), 97–117.Google Scholar

Benson, Rodney and Neveu, Erik (eds.) (2005). Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre (1990). In Other Words: Essays Towards a Reflexive Sociology. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre (1993). The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre (1996). The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power. New York, Stanford: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanitzsch, Thomas, Hanusch, Folker, Ramaprasad, Jyotika, and de Beer, Arnold S. (eds.) (2019). The Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures around the Globe. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Lafarge, Gérauld and Marchetti, Dominique (2017). “Les Hiérarchies de l’information. Les Légitimités Professionnelles des Étudiants en Journalisme.” Sociétés Contemporaines, 106(2), 21–44.Google Scholar

Lippmann, Walter (1922). Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt, Brace.Google Scholar

Londres, Albert (1929). Terre d’Ébène. Paris: Albin Michel.Google Scholar

Muhlmann, Géraldine (2010). Journalism for Democracy. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Powers, Matthew, Vera-Zambrano, Sandra, and Baisnée, Olivier (2015). “The News Crisis Compared: The Impact of the Journalism Crisis in Toulouse, France and Seattle, Washington.” In Nielson, R. K. (ed.) Local Journalism: The Decline of Newspapers and the Rise of Digital Media (pp. 31–50). London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar

Powers, Matthew and Vera-Zambrano, Sandra (2016). “Explaining the Formation of Online News Startups in France and the United States: A Field Analysis.” Journal of Communication, 66(5), 857–877.Google Scholar

Powers, Matthew and Vera-Zambrano, Sandra (2018). “How Journalists Use Social Media in France and the United States: Analyzing Technology Use Across Journalistic Fields.” New Media & Society, 20(8), 2728–2744.Google Scholar

Rosen, Jay (1999). What Are Journalists For? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Russell, Adrienne (2016). Journalism as Activism: Recoding Media Power. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Schudson, Michael (2008). Why Democracies Need an Unlovable Press. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Siebert, Fred, Peterson, Theodore, and Schramm, Wilbur, (1956). Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility, and Soviet Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar

Stroud, Natalie (2011). Niche News: The Politics of News Choice. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar

Usher, Nikki (2014). Making News at the New York Times. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Van Aelst, Peter, Strömbäck, Jesper, Aalberg, Toril, Esser, Frank, de Vreese, Claes et al. (2017). Political Communication in a High-Choice Media Environment: A Challenge for Democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 3–27.Google Scholar

Waisbord, Silvio (2019). Communication: A Post-Discipline. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar

Weber, Max (1919). Politics as a Vocation. http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber-Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdfGoogle Scholar

boyd, danah (2018). “Media Manipulation, Strategic Amplification, and Responsible Journalism.” [blog] Data & Society Research Institute, September14. https://points.datasociety.net/media-manipulation-strategic-amplification-and-responsible-journalism-95f4d611f462Google Scholar

Carey, James (1989). “A Cultural Approach to Communication.” In Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (pp. 13–36). Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Carlson, Matt (2018). “Automating Judgment? Algorithmic Judgment, News Knowledge, and Journalistic Professionalism.” New Media & Society, 20(5), 1755–1772.Google Scholar

Fidler, Roger (1992, October). “What Are We So Afraid Of?” American Journalism Review, https://ajrarchive.org/article.asp?id=1324Google Scholar

Harcup, Tony and O’Neill, Deirdre (2017). “What Is News? News Values Revisited (Again).” Journalism Studies, 18(12), 1470–1488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McNamara, Tracy (2000, August). “Defining the Blurry Line between Commerce and Content.” Columbia Journalism Review, 39(2), 31–32.Google Scholar

Phillips, Angela (2012). “Sociability, Speed and Quality in the Changing News Environment.” Journalism Practice, 6(5–6), 669–679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Phillips, Whitney (2018, May 22). The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators. New York: Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/output/oxygen-of-amplification/Google Scholar

Parks, Perry (2018). “Textbook News Values: Stable Concepts, Changing Choices.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(3), 1–27.Google Scholar

Reese, Cleghorn (1994, April). “Highways and the Nature of Journalism.” American Journalism Review, http://ajrarchive.org/Article.asp?id=1141Google Scholar

Singer, Jane B. (2018). “Transmission Creep.” Journalism Studies, 19(2), 209–226.Google Scholar

Strömbäck, Jesper, Karlsson, Michael, and Hopmann, David Nicolas (2012). “Determinants of News Content.” Journalism Studies, 13(5–6), 718–728.Google Scholar