Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T07:36:52.168Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Ten - On the Silk Road: Trade in the Tarim?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 July 2018

Kristian Kristiansen
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Thomas Lindkvist
Affiliation:
Göteborgs Universitet, Sweden
Janken Myrdal
Affiliation:
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Trade and Civilisation
Economic Networks and Cultural Ties, from Prehistory to the Early Modern Era
, pp. 251 - 278
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arakawa, M. (2013). The transportation of tax textiles to the north west as part of the Tang-dynasty military shipment system. Translated from the Japanese by V. Hansen. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, series 3, 23(2), pp. 245261.Google Scholar
Artioli, D., Capanna, F., Giovagnoli, A., Ioele, M., Marcone, A., Marittini, et al. (2008). Mural paintings of Ajanta Caves: Part II: Non-destructive investigations and microanalysis on execution technique and state of conservation. 9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem Israel, 25–30 May 2008. Available at www.ndt.net/article/art2008/papers/220Ioele.pdf (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar
Ball, W. (1998). Following the mythical road. Geographical Magazine, 70(3), pp. 1823.Google Scholar
Ball, W. (2007). The Monuments of Afghanistan: History, Archaeology and Architecture. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Beaujard, P. (2010). From three possible Iron-Age world systems to a single Afro-Eurasian world system. Journal of World History, 21(2), pp. 143.Google Scholar
Berke, H., Portmann, A., Bouherour, S. and Wiedemann, H. G. (2010). The development of ancient synthetic copper-based blue and purple pigments. In N. Agnew, ed., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings from the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, June 28–July 3, 2004, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, pp. 225–233. Available at www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/2nd_silkroad.html (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar
Brill, R. H., Felker-Dennis, C., Shirahata, H. and Joel, E. C. (1997). Lead isotope analyses of some Chinese and Central Asian pigments. In N. Agnew, ed., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Of an International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, pp. 369–378. Available at www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/silkroad.html (accessed 16 November 2016).Google Scholar
Buffler, E. (2009). Spreading of some Buddhist architectural designs between Afghanistan and China: The case of the cruciform stupa. Buddhism across Asia. Singapore, 16–18 February.Google Scholar
Callieri, P. (1996). Hepthalites in Margiana: New evidence from the Buddhist relics in Merv. In Istituto itliano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, ed. La Persia e L”Asia centrale da Alessandro al X secolo. Rome: Accademia Nazionale de Lincei, pp. 391400.Google Scholar
Carruthers, M. (1998). The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric and the Making of Images. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chandra Set, S. (2010). Indian wall paintings: Analysis of materials and techniques. In N. Agnew, ed., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings from the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, June 28–July 3, 2004, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, pp. 336–342. Available at www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/2nd_silkroad.html (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar
Chen, H. (2007). The Revival of Buddhist Monasticism in Medieval China. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Chin, T. (2013). The invention of the Silk Road, 1877. Critical Inquiry, 40(1), pp. 194219.Google Scholar
Compareti, M. (2008). Traces of Buddhist Art in Sogdiana. Sino-Platonic Papers 181. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Cribb, J. (1984). The Sino-Kharosthi coins of Khotan – Their attribution and relevance to Kushan chronology (part 1). Numismatic Chronicle, 144, pp. 128152.Google Scholar
Dallapiccola, A. L., and Lallemant, S. Z. (1980). The Stúpa: Its Religious, Historical and Architectural Significance. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner.Google Scholar
Dobbins, K. W. (1971). The Stupa and Vihara of Kanishka I. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.Google Scholar
Dutt, S. (1988). Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture. Delhi: Motil Banarsidass.Google Scholar
Finley, M. I. (1973). The Ancient Economy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Franz, H. G. (1980). Stūpa and Stūpa-Temple in the Gandhāran regions and in Central Asia. In A. L. Dallapiccola and S. Z. Lallemant, The Stúpa: Its Religious, Historical and Architectural Significance. Wiesbaden, Germany: Steiner, pp. 39–58.Google Scholar
Fraser, S. E. (2004). Performing the Visual: The Practice of Buddhist Wall Painting in China and Central Asia, 618–900. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Gernet, J. (1995). Buddhism in Chinese Society. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gettens, R. J. (1938a). The materials in wall paintings from Kizil in Chinese Turkestan. Technical Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts, 6, pp. 281294.Google Scholar
Gettens, R. J. (1938b). The materials in the wall paintings of Bamiyan, Afghanistan. Technical Studies in the Field of the Fine Arts, 6, pp. 186193.Google Scholar
Ghose, R., ed. (2008). Kizil on the Silk Road: Crossroads of Commerce and Meetings of Minds (Marg Publications 59.3). Mumbai: Marg Publications.Google Scholar
Good, I. L. (2008). When east met west: Interpretative problems in assessing east-west contact and exchange in Antiquity. In Betts, A. and Kidd, F., eds., New Directions in Silk Road Archaeology: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at ICAANE V, Madrid, 2006. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan: 42. Berlin: Reimer Verlag, pp. 2346.Google Scholar
Grenet, F. (2002). Regional interaction in Central Asia and North-West India in the Kidarite and Hephtalite period. In Sims-Williams, N., ed., Indo-Iranian Languages and Peoples. Proceedings of the British Academy 116. Oxford: British Academy, pp. 203224.Google Scholar
Grossman, H. E. (2012). On memory, transmission and the practice of building in the Crusader Mediterranean. In H. E. Grossman and A. Walker, eds., Mechanisms of Exchange: Transmission in medieval art and architecture of the Mediterranean, ca. 1000–1500. Special Issue of Medieval Encounters, 18, pp. 481–517.Google Scholar
Grossman, H. E. and Walker, A. (2012). Mechanisms of exchange: Transmission in medieval art and architecture of the Mediterranean, ca. 1000–1500. Special Issue of Medieval Encounters, 18, pp. 45.Google Scholar
Hansen, V. (2012). The Silk Road: A New History. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hansen, V. and Wang, H. (2013). Textiles as money on the Silk Road. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Special Issue), series 3, 23.2(165–74)Google Scholar
Hartmann, J-U. (2004). Buddhism along the Silk Road: On the relationship between the Buddhist Sanskrit texts from Northern Turkestan and those from Afghanistan. In Durkin-Meisterernst, D., ed., Turfan Revisited: The First Century of Research into the Arts and Cultures of the Silk Road. Berlin: Reimer, pp. 125127.Google Scholar
Hill, J. W. (2009). Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes During the Later Han Dynasty 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. Charleston, SC: Booksurge Publishing.Google Scholar
Holcombe, C. (1999). Trade-Buddhism: Maritime trade, immigration, and the Buddhist landfall in Early Japan. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119(2), pp. 280292.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M. (1974). The Roman Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kieschnick, J. (2003). The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Vaissière, É. de (2005). Sogdian Traders: A History. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lam, R. (2013). Kuṣāṇa emperors and Indian Buddhism: Political, economic and cultural factors responsible for the spread of Buddhism through Eurasia. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 36(3), pp. 434448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Legge, J. (1965). Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an Account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of His Travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399–414) in Search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline Rpt. New York: Dover Publications. Available at http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=2124 (accessed 26 April 2016).Google Scholar
Li, Yinping. (2006). 李吟屏, Hetian chunqiu 和田春秋 (Annals of Khotan). Urumchi: Xinjiang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Li, Z. (2010). Deterioration and treatment of wall paintings in grottoes along the Silk Road in China and Related Conservation Efforts. In N. Agnew, ed., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Proceedings from the Second International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, June 28–July 3, 2004, Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, pp. 46–55. Available at www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/2nd_silkroad.html (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar
Lin, J. (2012). The Search for Immortality: Tomb Treasures of Ancient China. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, X. (1997). Ancient India and Ancient China: Trade and Religious Exchanges AD 1–600. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, X. (2009). Buddhist ideology and the commercial ethos in Kusana India. In Shimada, A. and Hawkes, J., eds., Buddhist Stupas in South Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 177191.Google Scholar
Liu, Z., Han, Y., Han, L., Cheng, Y., May, Y. and Fang, L. (2013). Micro-Raman analysis of the pigments on painted pottery figurines from two tombs of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Luoyang. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 15 May, 109, pp. 4246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mallory, J. P and Mair, V. (2008). The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar
McRae, J. R. and Nattier, J. (2012). Buddhism across Boundaries: The Interplay of India, Chinese, and Central Asian Source Materials. Sino-Platonic Papers 222. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Available at http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp222_indian_chinese_buddhism.pdf (accessed 16 November 2017)Google Scholar
Mukherjee, B. N. (1996). India in Early Central Asia. New Delhi: Harman Publishing House.Google Scholar
Neelis, J. (1997). Kharosthi and Brahmi inscriptions from Hunza-Haldeikish sources for the study of long-distance trade and transmission of Buddhism. South Asian Archaeology, 2, pp. 903923.Google Scholar
Neelis, J. (2013). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange within and beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Olivieri, L. M. (2014). The Last Phases of the Urban Site of Bir-Kot-Ghwandi (Barikot): The Buddhist Sites of Gumbat and Amluk-Dara (Barikot). Lahore, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications.Google Scholar
Pope, H. (2005). The Silk Road: A romantic deception. The Globalist, November 24. Available at www.theglobalist.com/the-silk-road-a-romantic-deception/ (accessed 16 November 2017)Google Scholar
Raschke, M. G. (1978). New studies in Roman commerce with the East. In Temporini, H., ed., Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romanischen Welt. II: Principat. Bd. 9.2 Politische Geschichte. Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, pp. 6041378.Google Scholar
Ray, H. P. (1994). The Winds of Change: Buddhism and the Maritime Links of Early South Asia. Delhi and New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Redford, S. (2012). Portable palaces: On the circulation of objects and ideas about architecture in medieval Anatolia and Mesopotamia. In H. E. Grossman and A. Walker, eds., Mechanisms of exchange: Transmission in medieval art and architecture of the Mediterranean, ca. 1000–1500. Special Issue of Medieval Encounters, 18, pp. 84–114.Google Scholar
Rémusat, A. (1820). Histoire de Khotan. Paris: Doublet.Google Scholar
Rezakhani, K. (2010). The road that never was: The Silk Road and Trans-Eurasian exchange. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 30(3), pp. 420433.Google Scholar
Rhie, M. M. (2007–2010). Early Buddhist Art of China and Central Asia. 3 vols. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Rhys-Davids, T. W. (1890–1894). Questions of King Milinda. (Sacred Books of the East, vols. 35–36). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Schafer, E. (1985). The Golden Peaches of Samarkand. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Schopen, G. (2004). Buddhist Monks and Business Matters. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Schopen, G. (2006). On monks and menial laborers: Some monastic accounts of building Buddhist monasteries. In Callieri, P., ed., Architetti, Capomastri, Artigiani, L”organizzazione dei cantieri e della produzione artistica nell”Asia ellenistica. Studi offerti a Domenico Faccenna nel suo ottantesimo compleanno. Rome: Istituto italiano per l”Africa e l”Oriente, pp. 225245.Google Scholar
Shaw, J. (2011). Monasteries, monasticism, and patronage in Ancient India: Mawasa, a recently documented hilltop Buddhist complex in the Sanchi area of Madhya Pradesh. South Asian Studies, 27(2), pp. 111130. Available at www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02666030.2011.614409#.U1DyIsfCRNQ (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar
Sherratt, A. (2006). The Trans-Eurasian exchange: The prehistory of Chinese relations with the West. In Mair, V. H., ed., Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 3061.Google Scholar
Shimada, A. (2013). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca. 300 BCE–300 CE). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Stein, M. A. (1907). Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Chinese Turkestan, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Stein, M. A. (1921). Serindia: Derailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia and Westernmost China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Teramoto Enga. (1921). 寺本婉雅. Uten kokushi 于闐國史 (Khotan History). Kyōto: Chōjiya Shoten.Google Scholar
Tomber, R. (2008). Indo-Roman Trade: From Pots to Peppers. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
von Le Coq, A. (1926). Auf Hellas Spuren in Ostturkistan: Berichte und Abenteuer der II. Und III. Deutschen Turfan-Expedition. Leipzig, Germany: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buch.Google Scholar
Walter, M. N. (1998). Tocharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centrum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E. Sino-Platonic Papers 85. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Available at www.sinoplatonic.org/complete/spp085_tokharian_buddhism_kucha.pdf (accessed 17 November 2017).Google Scholar
Walter, M. N. (2006). Sogdians and Buddhism. Sino-Platonic Papers 174. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Available at www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp174_sogdian_buddhism.pdf (accessed 17 November 2017).Google Scholar
Wang, H. (2004). Money on the Silk Road: The Evidence from Eastern Central Asia to c. AD 800. London: The British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Warmington, E. H. (1928). The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Watson, B., trans. (1958). Ssu-Ma Ch”ien: Grand Historian of China. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Waugh, D. C. (2007). Richtofen’s “Silk Roads”: Toward the archaeology of a concept. The Silk Road, 5(1), pp. 110. Available at http://silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol5num1/srjournal_v5n1.pdf (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar
Whitfield, S. (2007). Was there a Silk Road? Asian Medicine, 3(2), pp. 201213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitfield, S. (2009). La Route de la Soie: Un voyage à travers la vie et al mort. Brussels: Mercator.Google Scholar
Whitfield, S. (2015). Life Along the Silk Road. Rev. ed. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Whitfield, S. (2018). Silk, Slaves and Stupas: Material Culture of the Silk Road. Oakland: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Whitfield, S. (2019). Buddhist rock cut architecture and stupas across Central Asia and into China. In Huntington, S., ed., Buddhist Architecture. Bonn: University of Bonn.Google Scholar
Whitfield, S. and Sims-Williams, U., eds. (2004). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith. London: The British Library.Google Scholar
Wiedemann, H. G. and Bayer, G. (1997). Formation and Stability of Chinese Barium Copper-Silicate Pigments. In N. Agnew, ed., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road: Of an International Conference on the Conservation of Grotto Sites, pp. 379–387. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. Available at www.getty.edu/conservation/publications_resources/pdf_publications/silkroad.html (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar
Wong, D. (2012). Xuanzang as an agent of artistic transmission. In School of History, Archaeology and Religion, University of Cardiff. Xuanzang and the Record of the Western Regions (Xiyu ji) – Constructed Myth and: Historical Reality. Cardiff, UK, 1–3 June.Google Scholar
Wong, L. and Agnew, N. (2013). The Conservation of Cave 85 at the Mogao Grottoes, Dunhuang. Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute. Available at www.getty.edu/ conservation/publications_resources/books/conserv_cave85.html (accessed 16 November 2017)Google Scholar
Wu, X. (2013). Archaeological discoveries in Domoko. IDP News 41, p. 3. Available at http://idp.bl.uk/archives/news41/idpnews_41.a4d#2 (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar
Yamauchi, K., Taniguchi, Y. and Tomoko, U., eds. (2007). Mural Paintings of the Silk Road: Cultural Exchanges between East and West. London: Archetype.Google Scholar
Yu, F. (1989). Chinese Painting Colours: Studies of Their Preparation and Application in Traditional and Modern Times. Translated from Chinese by J. Silbergerd and A. MacNair. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, G. 张广达 and Rong, X. 榮新江 (1993). Yutianshi congkao 于阗史从考. Shanghai: Shanghai shudian.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Tao, Q. and Liu, G. (2008). Newly discovered Buddhist temples and wall paintings at Dandan-Uiliq in Xinjiang. Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology, 3, pp. 157170.Google Scholar
Zürcher, E. (1972). The Buddhist Conquest of China. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Zürcher, E. (2012). Buddhism across Boundaries: The Foreign Input. In J.R. McRae and J. Nattier, Buddhism across Boundaries: The Interplay of India, Chinese, and Central Asian Source Materials. Sino-Platonic Papers 222. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, pp. 1–10. Available at http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp222_indian_chinese_buddhism.pdf (accessed 16 November 2017).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×