Animals develop behavioural strategies throughout life to improve their survival in nature. Juvenile activity and behaviour of the commercial tropical sea cucumber Stichopus cf. horrens were examined considering factors that may influence survival at this critical developmental stage. Wild juveniles were observed in situ to describe diel activity and movement. Wild and hatchery-reared juveniles were observed in the laboratory to evaluate the influence of different light-dark cycles and microhabitats on feeding and sheltering behaviour. All juveniles (4–54 g) displayed a distinct nocturnal activity pattern both in the field and laboratory. Nocturnal activity was strongly associated with feeding and locomotion. Wild and hatchery-reared juveniles were most active at night, displayed intermediate activity during twilight, and minimal to no activity during daytime. Movement rates of wild juveniles in situ were significantly influenced by time and size to a lesser extent. Under constant light and constant dark for 48 h, juvenile feeding rhythm was endogenously controlled and strongly entrained to natural light-dark cycles. Sheltering was directly affected by light and linked to strong phototactic and thigmotactic reflexes. Juveniles preferred vegetation as shelter compared to coral, sand or open space, and showed equal preference for seagrass and macroalgae. Deviations in behaviour of hatchery-reared juveniles under laboratory conditions indicate some degree of acclimation to an artificial environment with minimal threats and a decreased sensitivity to light. The implications of nocturnal feeding, light-induced sheltering, shelter preferences and acclimation to artificial conditions are discussed in relation to juvenile survival in nature and potential restocking of the species.

Six new species of Hesionura are described from estuarine and continental shelf bottoms off southern and south-eastern Brazil. Hesionura laubieri (Hartmann-Schröder, 1963) is redescribed based on newly collected material. Hesionura ceciliae sp. nov. is diagnosed by conical ventral cirri on anterior and median segments, with tapered distal ends, and by four bidentate chaetae throughout the body, except in the last segments, which have an additional supracicular unidentate chaeta. The ventral cirri on median parapodia of Hesionura biformata sp. nov. are more than 1.5 times as long as the neuropodial lobes, abruptly tapering on posterior segments; posterior parapodia have one bidentate and two unidentate subacicular chaetae. Hesionura variodentata sp. nov. has conical tentacular ventral cirri, anterior and median parapodia with first dorsal chaeta tridentate and the other three bidentate, and posterior parapodia with four chaetae, the three most dorsal bidentate and the most ventral unidentate. The ventral tentacular cirri of Hesionura carioca sp. nov. are cylindrical and elongated, with tapered distal ends; dorsal cirri are oval, and posterior parapodia have one tridentate, three bidentate and one unidentate chaetae. Adults of Hesionura longissima sp. nov. reach up to 21 mm, a length not previously been reported for the otherwise meiofaunal genus Hesionura; their first supracicular chaeta is quadridentate and dorsal and ventral cirri are rounded in reproductive stages. Hesionura lupina sp. nov. has cylindrical and elongated ventral tentacular cirri, with tapered distal ends, oval dorsal cirri, cylindrical ventral cirri, and posterior parapodia with five bidentate chaetae.

In the present study a comparison of the otolith morphology of two species of parrotfish, family Scaridae, collected from the Red Sea coast of Egypt, is conducted to identify the most appropriate taxonomic characters that separate these species. Ontogenetic changes in the otoliths of the two scarid fishes become evident. In the otoliths of Chlorurus sordidus, the following characters are comparable in small-sized adult fishes: otolith width, otolith depth, mesial surface shape, lateral surface shape, shape of sulcus acusticus, column, rostrum and size of rostrum. The otoliths of young adults (GI) C. sordidus differ from the adult ones in 14 out of the 22 characteristics studied. In the otoliths of Hipposcarus harid, the following characters are comparable in small and large fish: otolith width, otolith depth, mesial and lateral surface shapes, shape of sulcus acusticus, rostrum and size of rostrum.

Shifting prey distributions due to global warming are expected to generate dramatic ecosystem-wide changes in trophic structure within Arctic marine ecosystems. Yet a relatively poor understanding of contemporary Arctic food webs makes it difficult to predict the consequences of such changes for Arctic predators. Doing so requires quantitative approaches that can track contemporary changes in predator diets through time, using accurate, well-defined methods. Here we use fatty acids (FA) to quantify differences in consumer diet using permutational multivariate analysis of variance tests that characterize spatial and temporal changes in consumer FA signatures. Specifically we explore differences in Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) FA to differentiate their potential trophic role between Svalbard, Norway and Cumberland Sound, Canada. Greenland shark FA signatures revealed significant inter-annual differences, probably driven by varying seal and Greenland halibut responses to environmental conditions such as the NAO, bottom temperature, and annual sea-ice extent. Uncommon FA were also found to play an important role in driving spatial and temporal differences in Greenland shark FA profiles. Our statistical approach should facilitate quantification of changing consumer diets across a range of marine ecosystems.

A short-term Jolly–Seber mark-recapture model experiment is described. This experiment was aimed at estimating the rate of catch per unit effort (CPUE) and the catchability coefficient (q) of the Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) in the fishing port of Sisal, Yucatan, Mexico. To estimate the local population size, 52 traps were deployed along four transects located in a coastal capture area of 3600 m−2. The CPUE and q were compared between the daily mark-recapture Jolly–Seber experiment and the bi-monthly (carried out every 2 months) samplings. The average abundance was estimated at 3475 individuals. All three suggested scenarios, applied to estimate densities, gave similar estimates, i.e. 0.0386, 0.0350, 0.0365 crabs m−2 for the first (Previously Cited Attraction Radius), second (CPUE per transect) and third (Catchability-Density Relationship), respectively. Based on the latter scenario, densities ranged from 27,900 (annual average) to 36,500 (Spring) crabs km−2. The average CPUE of the daily mark-recapture experiment was estimated at 1.96 crabs trap−1, whereas the average bi-monthly CPUE was estimated at 1.13 crabs trap−1. The q (per trap) was estimated at 0.0186 for the daily mark-recapture experiment and at 0.0247 for the bi-monthly sampling. Both catchability and CPUE increased in individuals whose size ranged between 110 and 170 mm CW. However, no significant difference (ANCOVAs) was found between the daily and bi-monthly samplings neither in CPUE nor in catchability. The use of both mark-recapture data and the Jolly–Seber model proved to be a fast and reliable method for estimating the abundance and catchability of Atlantic blue crab.

The aim of the present work is to report and describe three new species of the tropical brittle-star genus Ophiolepis. The new species are described herein as Ophiolepis aemulata sp. nov., Ophiolepis buitronae sp. nov. and Ophiolepis crebra sp. nov. As these species were previously misidentified, morphological traits and similarities between them and other species are extensively discussed. Ophiolepis buitronae sp. nov. is widespread in tropical and warm waters of the western Atlantic from intertidal to 36 m. It has consistently been misidentified as Ophiolepis impressa as these two species share a similar distribution and are found together. Ophiolepis aemulata sp. nov. is found in western Australia, as are its congeners Ophiolepis superba and Ophiolepis unicolor, while Ophiolepis crebra sp. nov. is found in Australia and Indonesia. There are 25 extant species, including the three new species, which are currently referred to the genus Ophiolepis.

Infanticide is considered a conspicuous expression of sexual conflict amongst mammals, including bottlenose dolphins. Although reported previously in this species, confirmed cases of infanticide and associated epimeletic behaviour are very rare and their socio-behavioural context remains poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence of epimeletic and infanticide behaviours in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins in Galicia, NW Spain. After describing the observed events, we include a complete description of the post-mortem examinations (where the carcasses were recovered) in order to confirm the cause of death. With evidences of blunt trauma in two of the presented cases, we confirm that the calves were intentionally killed by adult individuals. The aggressive interaction between adult individuals and the neonates together with the observed ante-mortem injuries bore a strong resemblance to the behaviours and traumatic injuries described in other cases of violent dolphin interactions in other parts of the world. The circumstances under which these infanticides occurred at our site fit the conditions proposed under the sexual selection hypothesis. The difficulties for researchers to observe this type of behaviour in the field and to find carcasses in good enough condition to determine the cause of death, emphasizes the importance of this type of study.

The rocky intertidal communities of Ireland contain a mix of cold- and warm-adapted species, however the spatial distribution of these communities has not been investigated in a systematic way. Based on a benthic community dataset collected in 2003 at 63 sites, several statistical analyses were combined with the aims of (i) detecting groups of similar communities and their spatial arrangement, (ii) relating these groups to environmental factors and (iii) identifying the species that drive the different community groups. Sørensen's index suggested two marine community groups, one of the east and south-east (termed ‘east’) and the other in the west, south-west and north (termed ‘west’). A second partition based on combined wave exposure and sea surface chlorophyll comprised four groups, as did a further partition based on combined sea surface and air temperatures. The spatial arrangement of wave height plus chlorophyll conditions agreed reasonably well with the binary marine community partition, but the temperature partition did not. The ‘east’ community appeared to be associated with low wave height and chlorophyll conditions. The species that were most influential to the ‘east’ community were Balanus crenatus, Austrominius modestus and Fucus vesiculosus. The ‘west’ sites were associated with high wave height/low chlorophyll (with some variation in this due to local shelter) and the species Paracentrotus lividus, Chthamalus stellatus, Alaria esculenta and Himanthalia elongata. A longitudinal pattern rather than one associated with latitude was evident in this marine community and local drivers rather than temperature clines appeared most important for the dominant community patterns.

Age is one of the most important life history parameters required to understand the dynamics of mammalian populations. Growth Layers Groups (GLGs) are incremental units of calcified tissue in the teeth (dentine and cementum), which represent a pattern of cyclical deposition that can be counted. However, the estimation of absolute age in GLGs demands a skull with teeth, the permission to destroy part of a tooth, equipment to cut the teeth, and experienced GLGs readers. In 1954 Sivertsen proposed an alternative method using cranial suture age (CSA) to establish age categories. However, there are no studies validating the CSA in relation to GLGs. Thus, this study examined whether there is a correlation between age categories proposed by the CSA and chronological age in years from GLGs of South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) (N = 52) and of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) (N = 37). 93% of the skulls of A. australis and 83.8% of O. flavescens corresponded accurately to the age in years estimated by each cranial suture age range. These results indicated the existence of high correspondence between the CSA and the GLGs age (r: 0.491 for A. australis and r: 0.675 for O. flavescens). However, an adaptation to Sivertsen's method is recommended: using only eight sutures (excluding the premaxillary-maxillary suture for CSA analysis, due to its late fusion), and updating the intervals for cranial sutures, that correspond to 16–32 = adults, 11–15 = young and 8–10 = pups.

Cleaning interactions between the wrasse Symphodus melanocercus and brown meagre Sciaena umbra are documented from observations whilst free diving on a shallow rocky reef in the central Mediterranean Sea. Cleaning events occurred at cleaning stations mainly during the morning and gradually decreased in the evening. The body parts mostly cleaned were the opercular region and the fins, possibly as gnathiid isopods preferentially attach to these areas.

Gnathiid isopods are one of the most common fish ectoparasites, and are found in both temperate and tropical oceans. On coral reefs, gnathiids are most active at dusk and dawn, and contribute significantly to trophic dynamics, as they are a prey resource for cleaner fish and parasitize numerous fishes. Gnathiids also inhabit temperate intertidal waters, but their activity patterns and contribution to intertidal trophic dynamics remain unstudied. To provide the first ecological data on temperate intertidal gnathiid activity patterns, 172 gnathiid-free Clinus superciliosus were set in an intertidal system in Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa, during early morning, morning, afternoon, early evening, and evening, high and low tide, and within the inter- and infra-tidal zone to examine gnathiid infestation levels. After exposure, gnathiids from each fish were identified to the species level, counted, and their developmental stage was recorded. All gnathiids were identified as Gnathiia africana. On average, 1 ± 5SD gnathiids were collected from each fish, and the majority of gnathiids collected were stage 1. Significantly more gnathiids were collected during morning and afternoon compared with all other time periods. The number of gnathiids collected was not influenced by the fish's exposure to high or low tide, or placement within the tide zone. Although G. africana is free from cleaner fish predation because cleaner fish do not reside in temperate intertidal habitat, G. africana abundance is surprisingly small. Future studies should examine what regulates G. africana population size and the role they play in temperate intertidal food webs.

For the first time, an otolith shape analysis was used to investigate the stocks of saddled bream (Oblada melanura, Linnaeus, 1758) in three fishing zones along the Tunisian coast (Bizerte, Kélibia and Sayada). Otolith shape analysis was used on 30 otoliths for each site, sampled during the spawning period. Using elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFD) the quantization of the shape otolith was investigated by SHAPE and multivariate statistical procedures. Considering the environmental and the genotypic aspects, the preliminary results of the otolith shape analysis showed dissimilarity in silhouette of otoliths of saddled bream stocks collected from the north (Bizerte), the north-east (Kélibia) and the east (Sayada) of the Tunisian coast. Therefore, these three groups could be considered as three sub-units of the Tunisian stock, which should be managed separately.

Between 2008 and 2010, 27 acoustic tags were applied to various age and reproductive classes of grey whales in Laguna San Ignacio, Mexico, a part of the Biosphere Reserve ‘El Vizcaino’. Besides previously described S1 and S3 calls, two additional calls were identified: the impulsive S8 call and the slightly frequency-modulated S9 call. These two additional S8 and S9 calls are by far the most common grey whale sounds detected on tags, even though contemporary bottom-mounted acoustic recordings also collected from the lagoon in 2008 yielded no S8 or S9 calls. The new S8 and old S3 calls display similar spectral maxima, even though the S3 is a frequency-modulated harmonic call and the S8 is a broadband impulsive call. This spectral analysis provides evidence that these new call types are not artefacts arising from mechanical vibration or flow noise.

Coral communities of the Persian Gulf (PG) withstand maximum and annual ranges of water temperatures that surpass those found on the majority of reefs elsewhere. As such, these communities may inform on how coral reefs might adapt to the warmer waters of the future. Depending on the algal symbiont (genus Symbiodinium) harboured, advantages in stress tolerance may be conferred to the coral holobiont. Characterizing the algal component is therefore critical in determining the coral holobiont's tolerance phenotype. Coral associations off the Arabian coastline of the PG have been characterized as biogeographically unique, containing a rare group of taxonomically ancestral and thermotolerant algal symbionts, the Symbiodinium thermophilum group. In contrast, waters off the Iranian coast remain poorly characterized with a notable lack of S. thermophilum group symbionts identified in coral associations to date. Here, we characterize the algal component of two reef building corals (Porites harrisoni and Cyphastrea microphthalma) predominant at three sites spanning almost the entire length of the PG's Iranian coast. Genotyping using the chloroplastic 23S and nuclear ITS2 genes, we demonstrate the presence of S. thermophilum group symbionts. We discuss the probable physical drivers of these associations and highlight the need for further research in these relatively understudied waters.

This study constitutes a first attempt to investigate sex differences in osmoregulatory capacity and metabolic responses in relation to hyper- and hypo-osmoregulation in the intertidal euryhaline crab Uca tangeri. Adult male and female specimens from Cadiz Bay, Spain (36°23′–37′N 6°8′–15′W), were acclimated to three different environmental salinities (12, 33 and 55 psu) during 7 days, and several parameters were assessed in haemolymph (osmolality, glucose, amino acids, triglycerides and lactate) as well as in metabolic key organs (hepatopancreas, anterior and posterior gills: glycogen, free glucose, amino acids and triglycerides). Specimens from both sex exhibited high and similar hyper- and hypo-osmoregulatory capacities. However, metabolite levels were differentially affected upon acclimation to low and high salinity in several metabolic organs and haemolymph of male and females: (i) glycogen in gills, (ii) free glucose in gills and hepatopancreas, (iii) amino acids in hepatopancreas, (iv) triglycerides in haemolymph, hepatopancreas and posterior gills, and (v) lactate in haemolymph. The results suggest the occurrence of differential metabolic adjustments upon hyper- and hypo-osmoregulation related to sex in the intertidal euryhaline crab U. tangeri.

Several characteristics of Totoaba macdonaldi Perciformes: Sciaenidae, including migratory movements along temperature gradients make it vulnerable to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can also be associated with reproduction. The objectives of the present study were to examine oxidative stress indicators in liver of totoaba throughout the seasons (spring, autumn and winter), and the associated fluctuations in superficial sea temperature (SST, °C), as well as to evaluate possible variations between sexes and reproductive maturity stages. A total of 173 liver samples from totoaba captured in the Gulf of California, Mexico, were obtained from April 2010 to February 2013. Superoxide radical production (O2•−), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) levels, and activity of antioxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were quantified spectrophotometrically. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to determine which factors contribute to explain O2•− production and TBARS levels. The significant predictive variables were the seasons, which were significant in all applied models, as well as SOD and CAT activities. In general, enzyme activity was higher in immature totoaba; this was not seasonally modified. Low temperatures in winter were associated with high O2•− production and TBARS levels, particularly in totoaba that are not yet reproductively mature. Seasonal changes in sea surface temperature did not affect the oxidative stress indicators in mature totoaba (both males and females); this suggests that mature totoaba are less sensitive to temperature changes from an oxidative stress perspective.