Among the various small Malacostraca that have lately been found living interstitially in the Eddystone shell gravel (see Spooner, 1959 a,b), one of the moreremarkable is a new member of the genusIngolfiella. This genus of small colourless blind amphipods occupies a very isolated position, and is customarily given the rank of a separate suborder. The six species hitherto recognized are listed in Table i, and their geographic relationships shown in Fig. 5 (p. 328).

The British Phycological Society was founded in 1952 to serve as a meetingground for phycologists, and to carry out a co-ordinated scheme of work on the algae of this country. The specific projects included the production of a Flora of British Marine Algae and the publication of a series of biological studies of individual genera and species.

Most of the work on temperatures lethal to fish has been reviewed by Brett (1956). Most of the fish have been adults of freshwater species, and it has been found that both upper and lower lethal temperatures vary with the species, the temperature of acclimatization and the duration of time the fish are subjected to the test temperature.

The recent spread of the free-diving technique has made direct contact with the sublittoral environment relatively simple. The advantages of this to the ecologist need not be stressed.

The rather more cumbersome and expensive standard diving method had had already been used by Gislén (1930), Kitching, Macan & Gilson (1934), Kitching (1937, 1941), Zalokar (1942), Bursa, Wojtusiak & Wojtusiak (1948) and Waern (1952). Drach (1948 a,b, 1949, 1951) was the first to exploit free diving for ecological purposes and was followed by Forster (1954, 1955, 1958), Pérès & Piccard (1949), Ernst (1955), Laborel & Vacelet (1958), Knight-Jones & Clifford Jones (1956) and Aleem (1956).

The species was first distinguished by Carmichael, as Ceramium acanthonotum, in his unpublished Algae Appinensis, the manuscript of which is now preserved at the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Harvey (in Hooker, 1833), in publishing Carmichael's description, regarded the species merely as a variety of C. ciliatum. Agardh (1844) raised the variety to specific status, and it is as C. acanthonotum that the species has been known generally. Kiitzing (1841), 1 in a revision of the genus Ceramium, had described the entity independently as Acanthoceras shuttleworthianum; the specific epithetshuttleworthianum has priority overacanthonotum [see Article 60 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Lanjouw, 1956)]. The priority of the epithet shuttleworthianum was indicated, independently, by both Silva (1959) and Dixon (1959); of the two publications, that by Silva is the earlier.

Before describing the new aquarium some mention should be made of the final state of the old, which was described in detail some years ago (Wilson, 1952). Various suggestions for improvement made at that time were subsequently carried out. Thus the central table tanks were removed in 1953 and the central curtains, after shortening, were hung from the ceiling above the front top edge of the south-side tanks. This gave greatly improved viewing of the tank contents through exclusion of direct daylight to the public hall, and the viewing was still further improved when the south-side windows were blackened inside and the tanks lit solely by electric light. Modifications to the reservoirs (described below) brought about a clarity of the sea water never before attained.

Codium amphibium was described by Harvey (1844) on the basis of material sent to him by David Moore, who in turn had received it from the collector, William M'Calla. This material was said to grow 'on turfy banks at extreme high-water mark, near Roundstone, county Galway', and was described as comprising numerous erect, small (to 1/4 in. high), simple, cylindrical or subclavate, obtuse fronds arising from a mass of entangled, divaricately branched filaments densely aggregated into widely spreading patches. Harvey's illustration clearly shows the habit, but his drawing of utricles is neither diagnostic nor accurate [as judged from our study of the type material]. Harvey made particular note of the habitat, which he inferred would place the plant 'beyond the reach of the ordinary sea-level'. In a later work, Harvey (1846, pi. 35 B) illustrated this species with similar drawings and added nothing to the description except to extend the maximum height of the fronds to 'nearly half an inch'. Still later, Harvey (1849, p. 194) increased the maximum height of the fronds to an inch, modified ' simple' to ' usually simple, rarely emarginate or forked', added the locality 'at the head of Birtirbui Bay, Galway' and changed the habitat as follows: 'Turf banks, near high-water mark, but washed by every tide...' Kiitzing (1849, p. 502) furnished a description similar to the original one, based on an Irish specimen sent to him by Berkeley, probably topotype material. In his illustration of this material, Kiitzing (1856, pi. 96, fig. a) snowed an important character of the utricles: a tendency towards pointed apices.

An understanding of the oceanography of the Celtic Sea requires anunder-standing of the exchanges of water around four headlands, Ushant, Lands End, St Davids Head and Carnsore Point. As a sequel to the study on the flow past Ushant already presented (Cooper, 1960b), this paper and the following one by Cooper, Lawford & Veley are attempts to achieve a better understanding of the exchanges around Lands End andin the neighbourhood of the Scilly Isles (Fig. 1).

Matthews (1914, p. 20) said: 'The charts published in this report show that the saltest water enters the Irish area between Lands End and the Scilly Islands, and detailed observations made along this line on several cruises at intervals of from half a mile to one mile onthe Marine Biological Association's steamers have shown that the axis of highest salinity lies midway between the Longships Rock and the Seven Stones Lightship, that is, at a distance of only a few miles off Lands End. This current of salt warm water is derived from a current which has already entered the English Channel from a southwesterly direction, and has in part turned northwards and north-westwards to escape into the Irish Channel. It is practically certain that this water has come from the mouth of the English Channel and not directly from the open sea because further westwards a great area of lower surface salinity stretches southwards across the fairway and prevents any such direct current.' Harvey (1925, fig. 19) accepted Matthews' interpretation and later (1929) from a study of geopotential topographies deduced that a residual current ran between Lands End and the Scillies in June 1924 in a N.N.E. applies more nearly in the passage itself..

Measurements of current at the Seven Stones Light Vessel, 50° 03·5' N. lat., 6° 05·1' W. long. (for position, see Cooper, 1960b, fig. 1) were first made with the Carruthers Drift Indicator between 17 August and 15 September 1933 (Carruthers, 1934). The much longer series with the Vertical Log between July 1939 and April 1941 showed average travel of the residual cur-rent at a rate of 2·5 miles per day towards east-south-east (110° true) (Carruthers, Lawford & Veley, 1951). It was shown clearly that there was a strong causal connexion between the direction and strength of the wind and direction and strength of current, but that there were evidently other factors concerned as well. These current measurements were not easy to reconcile with deductions from the observed distributions of temperature and salinity in the area (Matthews, 1914; Harvey, 1925, 1929; Cooper, 19606). A rational explanation could be achieved if it is assumed that the passage of water from the English Channel to the Bristol Channel occurs intermittently and is confined to a narrow current close into Lands End. This ‘corner current’ rarely extends as far west as the Seven Stones Light Vessel.

Thorson (1946) considered in detail the earlier views of Appellöf (1912), Orton (1920) and Runnström (1928) that breeding activities of the majority of marine organisms were controlled by the temperature of the sea and referred to this as Orton's rule. RecentlyCrisp (1954) and Qasim (1956) also reviewed the existing literature on this subject in relation to barnacles and fish. By considering the seasonal availability of planktonic food in con-junction with Orton's rule, they explained why tropical species inhabiting cool temperate waters have a breeding season confined to the warmer months, whereas boreo-arctic species throughout their whole range breed only during colder months.

The work reported in this paper forms part of a programme of investigation into the normal parameters of radiosensitive tissues in the plaice. The work was conducted prior to investigations into the effectsof ionizing radiations on these tissues, in order to form a backgroundto examinations of fish from areas of radioactive pollution resulting from the controlled disposal of radioactive effluent. Tissues were selected on the basis of known radiosensitive tissues in mammals and the work on red blood values reported here arose from these preliminary investigations.

Many free-living and parasitic invertebrates have been known to tolerate low oxygen tensions and anaerobic conditions. Von Brand (1946) who reviewed the extensive literature on anaerobiosis in invertebrates listed species of Cyclops which under experimental conditions could tolerate 2–18 h of anaerobiosis. Apart from this, few experimental studies have been made on anaerobiosis in copepods, especially the parasitic species. Availability of a number of live Caligus diaphanus at Plymouth made it possible to make a few preliminary observations on the behaviour of this copepod parasite under anaerobic conditions.