Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-nmvwc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-04T21:17:12.721Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

“Horn of Plenty”: The Globalization of Mediterranean Horticulture and the Economic Development of Southern Europe, 1880–1930

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2009

José Morilla Critz
Affiliation:
Professor of Economics, at the University of Alcal´.
Alan L. Olmstead
Affiliation:
Professor of Economics and Director of the Institute of Governmental Affairs at the University of California, Davis.
Paul W. Rhode
Affiliation:
Associate Professor of Economics at the University of NorthCarolina, Chapel Hill and a Faculty Research Fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research

Abstract

During the late nineteenth century, competition from cheap American grains undermined agricultural economies across Europe. This article investigates how similar forces of globalization in the production of Mediterranean fruits and nuts dampened economic prospects across southern Europe and in some cases contributed to outright economic and political crises.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Economic History Association 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abad, Vicente. Historia de la Naranja (1781–1939). Valencia: Comité de la Gestión de la Exportación de Frutos Cítricos, 1984.Google Scholar
Aguado, Julia. “Las exportaciones de pasas de Málaga durante el siglo 19.” Gibralfaro 24, no. 27 (1975): 2341.Google Scholar
Alston, Julian M., Canman, Hoy F., Christian, Jason E., et al. Optimal Reserve and Export Policies for the Calfornia Almond Industry: Theory, Econometrics and Simulations. Giannini Foundation Monograph Number 42. Davis, CA: Giannini Foundation, 1995.Google Scholar
Andréadés, A.La crise de suproduction des raisins de Corinthe.” Revue Économique Internationale 7, no. 7 (1909): 325.Google Scholar
Ardmino, Ettore. “La Crisi Agrumania in Sicilia.” La Reforma Sociale 15, seconda serie (1905): 5465.Google Scholar
Basbakanlik, Istatistik. Istatistik Yilligi 1936/37. Ankara: Istatistik G. D. Nesruyatindan, 1937.Google Scholar
Bauer, Walter. Foreign Production and Trade in Raisins. California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 566. Berkeley: 1933.Google Scholar
Bennett, Merrill K., and Peirce, Rosamond H.. “Change in the American National Diet, 1879–1959.” Food Research Institute Studies 2, no. 2 (1961): 95120.Google Scholar
Bigham, Truman C., and Roberts, Merrill J.. Citrus Fruit Rates; Development and Economic Appraisal. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1950.Google Scholar
Bradstreet's. New York: Bradstreet Co., various years.Google Scholar
British Consular Reports. London: H. M. Stationeiy Office, various years.Google Scholar
California Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. California Fruit and Nut Crops, 1909–55, Special Publication No. 261. Sacramento: State Printing Office, 1956.Google Scholar
California Fruit Grower and Fruit Trade Review, various years.Google Scholar
California Fruit Growers News, various years.Google Scholar
California State Board of Agriculture. Annual Reports. Sacramento: State Printing Office, various years.Google Scholar
Cámara Oficial Uvera. Memoria elevada al Ministerio de Fomento. Campaña de 1926. Almería: Cámara Oficial Uvera, 1927.Google Scholar
Carnero, i Arbat, Terasa, . Expansión vinícolay atraso agrario (1870–1900). Madrid: Ministeno de Agricultura, 1980.Google Scholar
Clark, Gregory. “Why Isn't the Whole World Developed? Lessons from the Cotton Mills.” this JOURNAL 47, no. 1 (1987): 141–73.Google Scholar
Commissione de Redazióne. “La Camera Agrumaria e la Sua Azione.” La Reforma Sociale 33, terza serie (1922): 140–73.Google Scholar
Consejo Superior de Emigración. La emigración española transoceánica, 1911–1915. Madrid: Hijos de T. Minuesa de los Rios; 1916.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. R., Holley, W. C., Hawthorne, H. W., et al. Labor Requirements for Crops and Livestock, Farm Management Reports No. 40. Washington, DC: USDA, 05 1943.Google Scholar
Costa, Mas, José, . “Producción y comercio de las pasas de Denia.” In Primer Congreso de Historia del País Valenciano, Vol. 4, 1121. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 1974.Google Scholar
Dakin, Douglas. Unification of Greece 1770–1923. London: Ernest Benn, 1972.Google Scholar
Erdman, Henry, and Fuhriman, Walter U.. Walnut Supply and Price Situation. California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 475. Berkeley, 1929.Google Scholar
Federico, Giovanni. “Il valore agguinto dell'agricultura.” In I Conti Economici dell Italia II Una Stima del Valore Agguinto nel 1911, edited by Rey, G., Vol. 1, 3103. Rome: Editoni Laterza, 1992.Google Scholar
Fontana-Russo, Luigi. “Il Trattato di Commercio Colla Russia: E L'Esportazione Degli Agrumi.” La Reforma Sociale 8, seconda serie (1898): 380–95.Google Scholar
Foster, Alice. “The Málaga Raisin District: A Study in Mediterranean Agriculture.” Journal of Geography 37, no. 1 (1938): 114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Karl. Analysis of Demand for Farm Products. USDA Technical Bulletin No. 1081. Washington, DC: GPO, 1953.Google Scholar
Great Britain. Board of Trade. Statistical Abstract for the Principal and Other Foreign Countries in Each Year from 1901 to 1912. Vol. 39. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1914.Google Scholar
Guisado, Juan. “Crisis agraria e invasión filoxérica en la España del siglo 19. Verificación de algunas recientes interpretaciones sobre problemas de la viticultural en Andalucia y Cataluña mediante un análisis comparativo.” Revista de Historia Económica 1, no. 2 (1983): 165–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harley, C. Knick. “Transportation, the World Wheat Trade, and the Kuznets Cycle, 1850–1913.” Explorations in Economic History 17, no. 3 (1980): 218–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hernández, Andrén, Juan, . Depresión económica en España, 1925–1934. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, 1980.Google Scholar
Hecht, Rueben W., and Barton, Glen T.. Gains in Productivity of Labor, USDA Technical Bulletin No. 1020. Washington, DC: USDA, 12 1950.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, Frank H.Foreign Import Tariffs on Fruits and Nuts, USDA, Division of Foreign Markets, Bulletin No. 36. Washington, DC: GPO, 1903.Google Scholar
Ignacio, Jiménez Blanco, José, . Crisis y expansión de la agricultura de Andalucía Oriental, 1874–1936. Madrid: Fundación Juan, 03 1985.Google Scholar
Instituto Centrale di Statistiche. Sommario di Statistiche Storiche Italiana, 1861–1955. Roma: IPS, 1958.Google Scholar
Issawi, Charles. Economic History of Turkey, 1800–1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Isserlis, L.Tramp Shipping.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society New Series, 101, Pt. 1 (1938): 53134.Google Scholar
Istatistik, Umum Müdürlügü, Cümhuriyeti, Türkiye. Osmanli Imparatorlugumm Ticaret Musvazenesi, 1878–1913. Nesriyat No. 132, Tetkiler Seri No. 73. Ankara: Zerbamat, 1939.Google Scholar
Justicia, Segovia, Agustín, , and Ruiz Sinoga, José D.. Especialización agrícola y desarticulación del espacio: La viticultura en Málaga durante el siglo 19. Málaga: Servicio de Publicaciones Diputación Provincial de Málaga, 1987.Google Scholar
Kasaba, Resat. Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The Nineteenth Century. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Kindleberger, Charles P.Group Behavior and International Trade.” Journal of Political Economy 59, no. 1 (1951): 3046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuznets, George M., and Klein, Lawrence R.. “A Statistical Analysis of the Domestic Demand for Lemons, 1921–1941.” Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics Mimeographed Report No. 84. Berkeley: California Agricultural Experiment Station, 06 1943.Google Scholar
La Independencia. In Hemeroteca Provincial, Sofia Moreno Garrido. Almería, Spain, Reference No. 136, 19081936.Google Scholar
La Unión Mercantil. Vol. 8–13, 18871888, in Narciso Diaz Escovar Library, Málaga, Spain.Google Scholar
Lacomba, Juan Antonio. “La filoxera en Málaga.” Agricultura y Sociedad 16 (0709 1980): 323–70.Google Scholar
Lampe, John R., and Jackson, Marvin R.. Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Lupo, Salvatore. Il Giardino Degli Aranci. Venezia: Marsalio, 1990.Google Scholar
McPhee, John. Oranges. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1987.Google Scholar
Mears, Eliot Grinnell. Modern Turkey. New York: MacMillan Company, 1924.Google Scholar
Mignon, Christian. Campos y campesinos de la Andalucía mediterránea. Madrid: MAPA, 1982.Google Scholar
Ministero delle Finanze. Direzione generale delle gabelle e imposte indirette. Movimento commerciale del Regno d'Italia. Firenze-Roma, ad annum.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R.British Historical Statistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.Google Scholar
Joel, Mokyr, and Stein, Rebecca. “Science, Health and Household Technology: The Effect of the Pasteur Revolution on Consumer Demand.” In Economics of New Goods, edited by Bresnahan, Timothy F. and Gordon, Robert J., 143205, Studies in Income and Wealth, vol. 58. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Molinas, César, and Prados de la Escosura, Leandro. “Was Spain Different? Spanish Historical Backwardness Revisited.” Explorations in Economic History 26, no. 4 (1989): 385402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Critz, Morilla, José, . “La irrupción de California en el mercado de productos vitícolas y sus efectos en los países mediterráneos (1865–1925).” In California y el Mediterráneo. Estudios de la historia de dos agriculturas competidoras, edited by Morilla Critz, José, 255318. Madrid: Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, 1995.Google Scholar
Morilla, Critz, José, . “Cambios en la viticultura de Andalucía oriental durante la crisis de finales del siglo 19.” Revista de Historia Económica 7, no. 1 (1989): 157–93.Google Scholar
Nerlove, Marc, and Waugh, Frederick V., “Advertising Without Supply Control: Some Implications of a Study of the Advertising of Oranges.” Journal of Farm Economics 43, no. 4 (1961): 813–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nuckton, Carole Frank. Demand Relationships for California Tree Fruits, Grapes, and Nuts: A Review of Past Studies. Giannini Foundation Special Publication 3247. Berkeley: University of California Division of Agricultural Sciences, 08 1978.Google Scholar
O'Rourke, Kevin H.The European Grain Invasion, 1870–1913.” this JOURNAL. 57, no. 4 (1997): 775801.Google Scholar
O'Rourke, Kevin, and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. “Late Nineteenth-Century Anglo-American Factor-Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Ohlin Right?” this JOURNAL 54, no.4 (1994): 892916.Google Scholar
“Orange Cultivation and Production in Spain.” International Review of Agriculture 29 (1938): 339–41.Google Scholar
Palairet, Michael. “Merchant Enterprises and the Development of the Plum-Based Trades in Serbia, 1847–1911.” Economic History Review 30, no. 4 (1977): 582601.Google Scholar
Pellejero, Carmelo. “Decadencia del viñedo y crisis poblacional en la Málaga de finales delo 19.” Revista de Historia Económica 6, no. 3 (1988): 593633.Google Scholar
Petmezas, Socrates D. “El comercio de la pasa de Corinto y su influencia sobre la economía griega del siglo 19 (1840–1914).” In Impactos Exteriores Sobre el Mundo Rural Mediterráneo, edited by J., Morilla Critz, Gómez-Pantoja, J., and Cressier, P., 523–62. Madrid: Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca, y Alimentación, 1997.Google Scholar
Petmezas, Socrates D. “Diverse Responses to Agricultural Income Crisis in a South-Eastern European Economy: Transatlantic Emigration from Greece (1894–1924).” In Fra Spacio e Tempo: Studi in Onore di Luigi de Rosa, le Novecento, edited by Zilli, Ilaria, 427–87. Napoli: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1995.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Harold. No Title. Circular No. 3. Los Angeles: Citrus Protective League, 1911.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Harold, and Wallschlaeger, F. O.. Italian Lemon Industry. Bulletin No. 10. Los Angeles: Citrus Protective League, 1913.Google Scholar
de la Escosura, Prados, Leandro, . “Foreign Trade and the Spanish Economy during the Nineteenth Century.” In Economic Modernization of Spain, 1830–1930, edited by Sánchez-Albornoz, Nicolás, 128–50. New York: New York University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Premier Congrés International du Raisin et du Jus de Raisin. Paris: Librarie Félix Alcan, 1936.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. “The Commercialization of Agriculture in Ottoman Turkey, 1800–1914.” International Journal of Turkish Studies 1, no. 2 (Autumn 1980): 3855.Google Scholar
Quataert, Donald. “Agricultural Trends and Government Policy in Ottoman Anatolia, 1800–1914.” Asian and African Studies 15, no. 2 (1981): 6984.Google Scholar
Donald, Quataert. “The Age of Reforms.” In An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. 1300–1914, edited by Inalacik, Halil and Quataert, Donald, 759943. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Rhode, Paul W. “La intensificación de la agricultura Californiana.” In California y Mediterráneo: Estudios de la historia de dos agriculturas competidoras, edited by Critz, José Morilla, 72120. Madrid: Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca, y Alimentación, 1995.Google Scholar
Rhode, Paul W.Learning, Capital Accumulation, and the Transformation of California Agriculture.” this JOURNAL 55, no. 4 (1995): 773800.Google Scholar
Robert, Paul. LesAgrumes Dans Le Monde: et le développement de leur culture en Algérie. Paris: Institut des Fruits et Agrumes Coloniaux, 1947.Google Scholar
Ricardo, Robledo. “Crisis agraria y éxodo rural: emigración española a ultramar, 1880–1920.” In La crisis agraria de fines del siglo 19, edited by Garrabou, Ramón, 212–44. Barcelona: Ed. Crítica, 1988.Google Scholar
Ruddiman, H. D.Statistics of Fruits in Principal Countries: Production, Exports, and Imports for the United States and Foreign Countries, USDA Bulletin No. 483. Washington, DC: GPO, 1917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvioli, Guiseppe. “La Crisi Agrumaria.” La Reforma Sociale 7, seconda serie (1897): 476–81.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Alonso, Blanca, . Las causas de la emigración española. Madrid: Alianza Universidad, 1995.Google Scholar
Sánchez, Picón, Andrés, . La integración de la economía almeriense en el mercado mundial. Almería: Instituto de Estudios Almerienses, 1992.Google Scholar
San Francisco Chronicle, various years.Google Scholar
Shear, S. W. Prune Supply and Price Situation. California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 462. Berkeley, 1928.Google Scholar
James, Simpson. “Spanish Agricultural Production and Productivity, 1890–1936.” In Economic Development of Spain since 1870, edited by Martín-Aceña, Pablo and Simpson, James, 181220. Aldershot, UK: Elgar, 1995.Google Scholar
Simpson, James. Spanish Agriculture: The Long Siesta 1765–1965. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Smith, Edwin. Marketing Fresh Fruit in Europe. USDA Circular No. 90. Washington: GPO, 09 1929.Google Scholar
Spiethoff, Arthur. Der Einfluss der Golderzeugung auf die Preisbildung 1890–1913. Munich: Dunder and Humblet, 1928.Google Scholar
Statistical Abstract for the United Kingdom. London: H. M. Stationery Office, various years.Google Scholar
Stone, Richard. Measurement of Consumers' Expenditure and Behavior in the United Kingdom, 1920–1938, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.Google Scholar
Stover, Howard J.Annual Index Numbers of Farm Prices, Calfornia, 1910–1933. Berkeley: Agricultural Experiment Station, 1934.Google Scholar
Stroykowitch, Wélimir. Recherches physiologiques sur la prune, et étude les méthodes à employer pour l'amélioration de l'industrie prunière en Serbie. Nancy: Imprimerie Universelle Marcel Vagner, 1910.Google Scholar
Thompson, John. Orange Industry: An Economic Study. California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 622. Berkeley: 1938.Google Scholar
Toniolo, Gianni. Economic Histoiy of Liberal Italy, 1850–1918. London: Routledge, 1990.Google Scholar
Gabriel, Tortella. “Agriculture: A Slow-Moving Sector, 1830–1935.” In Economic Modernization of Spain, 1830–1930, edited by Sánchez-Albomoz, Nicolás, 4162. New York: New York University Press, 1987.Google Scholar
Tortella, Gabriel. “Patterns of Economic Retardation and Recovery in South-Western Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Economic History Review 47, no. 1 (1994): 121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tortella, Gabriel. El desarrollo de la España contemporánea. Historia económica de los siglos 19 y 20. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1994.Google Scholar
Tracy, Michael. Agriculture in Western Europe: Challenge and Response, 1880–1980. 2nd ed.London: Granada, 1982.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Citrus Fruits: World Production and Trade. Trade Promotion Series No. 213. Washington, DC: GPO, 1940.Google Scholar
Tracy, Michael. International Trade in Dried Fruit. By Leslie, A. Wheeler. Trade Promotion Series No. 44. Washington, DC: GPO, 1927.Google Scholar
Tracy, Michael. International Trade in Citrus Fruits, Trade Promotion Series No. 77. Washington, DC: GPO, 1929.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce. Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Years 1882 and 1883, Vol. 2, Africa, America, Asia, Australasia, and Polynesia. Washington, DC: GPO, 1884.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce. Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Years 1884 and 1885. Washington, DC: GPO, 1886.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce. Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Years 1886 and 1887. Washington, DC: GPO, 1888.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce. Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Year 1898. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: GPO, 1899.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce. Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Year 1900. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: GPO, 1901.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Foreign Commerce. Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Year 1902. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: GPO, 1903.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970. Electronic edition edited by Susan B. Carter et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Wholesale Prices, 1890–1920, Bulletin No. 296. Washington, DC: GPO, 1922.Google Scholar
U.S. Bureau of Manufacturing. Daily Consular and Trade Reports. Washington, DC: GPO, 19121914.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Office. Twelfth Census, 1900, Vol. 5, Agriculture, Pt. 1, Farms, Live Stock and Animal Products. Washington, DC: GPO, 1902.Google Scholar
US. Consular Reports. “Fruit Culture in the Several Countries.” Vol. 41 1/2 (06 1884). Washington, DC: GPO, 1884.Google Scholar
US. Consular Reports. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Yearbook. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Statistics. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Commerce. Foreign Commerce and Navigation. Washington, DC: GPO, various years.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor, Bureau of Statistics. “Foreign Markets for American Fruits.” Special Consular Reports. Vol. 32, House of Representatives, 58th Cong., 3rd Session, Doc. No. 74. Washington, DC: GPO, 1904.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Statistical Abstract of Foreign Countries, Parts 1–3, Statistics of Foreign Commerce. Washington, DC: GPO, 1909.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. Tariff Hearings. 54th Cong., 2nd sess., Vol. 1, Doc. No. 338. Washington, DC: GPO, 1897.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Tariff Hearings. 60th Cong., 2nd sess., Vol. 4, Doc. No. 1505. Washington, DC: GPO, 1909.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Tariff Hearings. 66th Cong., 3rd sess. Washington, DC: GPO, 1921.Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Agriculture. Tariff Schedules and Hearings. 62nd Cong., 3rd sess. Vol. 3, Doc. No. 1447. Washington, DC: GPO, 1913.Google Scholar
U.S. House of Representatives. Hearings on Tariff Readjustment, 1929. 70th Cong., 2nd sess., Vol. 7. Washington, DC: GPO, 1929.Google Scholar
U.S. Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations. Fruit: United States Foreign Trade Related to Production, 1910–1949, A Statistical Handbook. Foreign Agricultural Report No. 60. Washington, DC: GPO, 06 1951.Google Scholar
U.S. Senate. Report on Wholesale Prices, on Wages, and on Transportation. 52nd Cong., 2nd sess. Pts. 1 and 2. Washington, DC: GPO, 1893.Google Scholar
U.S. Tariff Commission. Grapes. Raisins, and Wines. Report No. 134, Second series. Washington, DC: GPO, 1939.Google Scholar
U.S. Tariff Commission. Summary of Tariff Information, 1929 on Tariff Act of 1922, Schedule 7, Agricultural Products and Provisions. Washington, DC: GPO, 1929.Google Scholar
U.S. Tariff Commission. The Acids of Paragraph 1 and Related Materials Provided for in the Tariff Act of 1913. Tariff Information Series No. 13. Washington, DC: GPO, 1920.Google Scholar
Wallschlaeger, F. G.World's Production and Commerce in Citrus Fruits and Their By Products. Bulletin No. 11. Los Angeles: Citrus Protective League of California, 1914.Google Scholar
Webber, Herbert, and Batchelor, Leon. Citrus Industry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1943.Google Scholar
Wickson, Edward. California Fruit. San Francisco: Pacific Rural Press, 1900.Google Scholar
Williamson, Jeffrey G.Globalization, Convergence, and History.” this JOURNAL 56, no. 2 (1996): 277306.Google Scholar
Zamagni, Vera. Economic History of Italy, 1860–1990. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.Google Scholar