State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — National of receiving State employed as assistant in embassy of foreign State — Contract of employment — Claim against embassy for non-payment of social security contributions required by Italian law — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether claim relating to purely financial matters — The law of Italy

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Employee of cultural institute of foreign State — Job involving administrative and managerial responsibility — Dismissal — Claim for reinstatement and damages — Whether entity of foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether employee integrated into organizational structure of entity of foreign State — Whether enquiry into lawfulness of dismissal would infringe sovereignty of foreign State — The law of Italy

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — National of receiving State employed by international organization in managerial role — Whether integrated into organizational structure — Contract of employment — Termination — Claim for unlawful dismissal and reinstatement — Whether international organization entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether examination of legality of dismissal of employee involving interference with public functions of international organization — Bari Institute of International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies — Legal status — Whether engaged in ordinary commercial or public-law activities — Whether entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Paris Agreement establishing the International Centre, 1962 — Additional Protocol — Italian reservation — Whether recognition of jurisdictional immunity by municipal courts may violate guarantee of judicial protection for individuals under Italian Constitution, Article 24 — Requirement for international organizations to make adequate provision for settlement of employment disputes — Whether independent internal appeals procedure acceptable — The law of Italy

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Consular employee — National of receiving State employed as telephonist — Dismissal — Claim for reinstatement and damages — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether duties of telephonist merely subordinate — Whether telephonist integrated into organizational structure of foreign State — Whether enquiry by municipal courts into lawfulness of dismissal would infringe sovereignty of foreign State

Consular relations — Consular employee — Telephonist — Whether performing consular functions — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Rules of customary international law — Rules on State immunity — Whether incorporated into municipal law — Effect of Article 10 of Italian Constitution — The law of Italy

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Consular employee — Citizen of receiving State employed as commercial officer — Contract of employment — Termination — Claim for unlawful dismissal — Whether foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Whether employee integrated into organizational structure of foreign State — Whether enquiry by municipal courts into lawfulness of dismissal would infringe sovereignty of foreign State

Consular relations — Consular employee — Commercial officer — Whether performing consular functions — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 5

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Rules of customary international law — Compatibility of rules on State immunity with principles of Italian Constitution — Incorporation of rules of customary international law into municipal law — Article 10 of Constitution — The law of Italy

Human rights — Refugees — Applicants for refugee status — Test to be applied — Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and Protocol, 1967 — Relevance of other human rights treaties

Treaties — Effect in national law — Geneva Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951, and Protocol, 1967 — The law of New Zealand

Jurisdiction — Extraterritorial jurisdiction — Murder committed in Mexico by United States national — Whether offence within jurisdiction of court in United States — Whether Arizona court acting contrary to international law in imposing death penalty when Mexican law did not provide for death penalty — The law of the State of Arizona

States — Sovereignty — Transfer of sovereignty — Joint Declaration between People’s Republic of China and United Kingdom, 1984 — Hong Kong due to revert to Chinese sovereignty on 1 July 1997 — Hong Kong ceasing to exist as British Colony — Hong Kong becoming part of China on date of reversion — Article 3 of Joint Declaration — Establishment of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (“HKSAR”) — Basic policies to remain intact for fifty years after handover — Whether requesting sovereign able to comply with terms of United Kingdom–United States Extradition Treaty, 1972

Extradition — Treaties — Scope and effect — United Kingdom–United States Extradition Treaty, 1972 — Extended to Hong Kong in 1976 — Supplementary Treaty, 1986 — Whether terms of Treaty permitting extradition of petitioner to Hong Kong — Whether requesting State able to try and punish petitioner before 1 July 1997 — Whether change of sovereignty over Hong Kong affecting applicability of Treaty — Absence of extradition treaty between United States and China — Intention of United States Senate — Doctrine of non-inquiry — Doctrine of separation of powers — Whether Court having independent role — Whether Court able to depart from Treaty and wishes of Executive — Non-justiciability of evaluation of contingent political events — Whether certain provisions of Treaty rendering Treaty inapplicable to present case

Relationship of international law and municipal law — United States Congress passing Hong Kong Policy Act 1992 — United Kingdom — United States Extradition Treaty, 1972 — Act providing that all treaties with Hong Kong to remain in force until reversion — Provision of means to continue treaties after 1 July 1997 — Whether Act evidence of Congressional intent that Treaty should extend to petitioner — Whether Act amending Treaty

State succession — Transfer of Hong Kong from United Kingdom to China — Whether doctrine applicable — Effect on extradition treaty — The law of the United States