State immunity — Enforcement — Property — Bank accounts of a diplomatic mission of a foreign State — Embassy of Indian Republic — Distinction between immunity of a foreign State from jurisdiction and immunity from enforcement — Whether bank accounts exempt from enforcement jurisdiction of Czech Republic

Diplomatic relations — Immunity — Property — Bank accounts of a diplomatic mission of a foreign State — Indian Republic Embassy in Prague — Whether bank accounts exempt from enforcement jurisdiction of Czech Republic — Czech Act on Private International Law — United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, 2004, Articles 19(c) and 21(1)(a) — Whether bank accounts used exclusively in performance of function of diplomatic mission — Whether bank accounts could be attached in an execution — Whether decision of lower courts correct — The law of the Czech Republic

State immunity — Functional immunity — Foreign State officials — Immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction — Whether functional immunity applying to subordinate State officials — Customary international law

International criminal law — War crimes — Torture — Humiliating and degrading treatment — Gravity threshold — Universal jurisdiction — Afghanistan — Taliban — Afghan military

Jurisdiction — Universal jurisdiction — War crimes — Functional immunity — Foreign State officials — Immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction — Whether functional immunity applying to subordinate State officials for war crimes committed abroad — Whether precluding criminal prosecution by domestic court

Relationship of international law and municipal law — General rules of international law — State immunity — War crimes committed by foreign State subordinate official in exercise of official functions to detriment of foreign national — Functional immunity — Whether precluding criminal prosecution by domestic court

War and armed conflict — Non-international armed conflict — Afghan military in conflict with non-State armed groups, including Taliban — Law of armed conflict — The law of Germany

Economics, trade and finance — Free trade agreements — International investment — Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — Multilateral investment tribunal — Investor rights — Whether creation of multilateral investment tribunal a transfer of State sovereignty — Competences of the European Union — Shared competence of indirect foreign investment

International tribunals — Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement Tribunal — Proposed multilateral investment tribunal — Jurisdiction of international tribunal — Jurisdiction of domestic courts — Whether creation of international tribunal ceding jurisdictional competence from domestic courts — Nature of jurisdiction exercised by international tribunals

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Ratification — Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — European Union — Ireland — Irish Constitution — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement having effect in domestic legal order — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement transferring State sovereignty

Treaties — Application — Ratification — Free trade agreements — International investment — Canada–European Union Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 — Whether creating rights and obligations on level of international law only — Irish Constitution — Whether ratification of Comprehensive Economic Trade Agreement, 2016 by State in proposed manner unconstitutional — The law of Ireland

Territory — Non-self-governing territory — Western Sahara — Article 73 of United Nations Charter — Morocco’s occupation of Western Sahara — Whether Morocco exercising sovereignty over the territory — International Court of Justice Western Sahara Advisory Opinion — Whether cargo on board MV NM Cherry Blossom belonging to people of Western Sahara

Territory — Right to self-determination — Sovereignty of Western Sahara over natural resources — Exploitation of natural resources in non-self-governing territory — Whether natural resources from Western Sahara can be exploited and sold by Moroccan entities — United Nations framework for the lawful exploitation of the natural resources of a non-self-governing territory — Exploitation of natural resources needing to have the consent of, or benefit, the people of a non-self-governing territory — Whether natural resources mined with consent of people of Western Sahara — Whether exploitation to benefit of people of Western Sahara

State immunity — Whether Morocco’s legal interests affected — Act of State doctrine — Relationship between act of State doctrine and international law — Nature and ambit of act of State doctrine in South African law — Whether claim justiciable in South African courts

Relationship of international law and municipal law — State immunity — Act of State doctrine — Whether any public international law principle preventing South African court from adjudicating matter — Whether adjudication by South African court could affect Morocco’s legal rights — The law of South Africa

Arbitration — Arbitration tribunal — Jurisdiction — Arbitration Tribunal of Permanent Court of Arbitration — Arbitration Tribunal seated in Geneva — Dispute between respondent and State X — 1998 Bilateral Investment Treaty between State X and State Y providing basis for arbitration — Arbitration Tribunal finding it had jurisdiction to adjudicate dispute — Civil law appeal against jurisdiction — Deposit for legal representation costs arising from appeal — Hague Convention on Civil Procedure, 1954, Article 17 — Whether States could rely on Article 17 precluding an obligation to make a deposit for legal representation costs — Treaty interpretation — Subsequent agreements — State’s unwillingness to submit to enforcement action — Insolvency

Treaties — Interpretation — Hague Convention on Civil Procedure, 1954 — Article 17 — Meaning of term “nationals” — Whether including Contracting States — Obligation to make deposit for costs for legal representation — Whether obligation could be imposed on foreign State — Subsequent international agreements — Effect

Jurisdiction — Civil proceedings in Switzerland — Whether State X submitting to jurisdiction of court in a foreign State — Hague Convention on Civil Procedure, 1954 — Article 17 — Obligation to make deposit for costs for legal representation — Whether obligation could be imposed on foreign State — The law of Switzerland

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Treaty not incorporated into municipal law — Whether minister required to take treaty into account — United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 — Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 — Decision to designate third runway at Heathrow Airport — Airports National Policy Statement — Planning Act 2008 — Whether Paris Agreement taken into account by Secretary of State for Transport — Whether Secretary of State obliged to take Paris Agreement into account in designating Airports National Policy Statement — Directive 2001/42/EC — Whether Secretary of State obliged to refer to Paris Agreement in environmental report

Environment — Treaties — Climate change — Greenhouse gases — Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 — Designation of third runway at Heathrow Airport — Whether failure to take Paris Agreement into account vitiating decision to designate third runway — Whether Secretary of State obliged to assess non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions

Human rights — Treaties — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Article 2 — Article 8 — Whether failure to take Paris Agreement on Climate Change, 2015 into account constituting unacceptable risk to life and to private life — The law of the United Kingdom

Arbitration — ICSID Tribunal — Award — Summary judgment — Post-judgment interest rate — Whether rate to be calculated in accordance with ICSID Award or United States Code 1961, Title 28 — Attachment and execution — Application for stay — Whether action for attachment and execution meeting reasonable time requirement under United States Code 1610, Title 22 — Whether action for attachment reasonable during Venezuelan political and humanitarian crisis

Relationship of international law and municipal law — ICSID arbitration award — Summary judgment in United States — United States Code 1961, Title 28 — Post-judgment interest rate — Whether rate to be calculated in accordance with ICSID Award or United States Code 1961, Title 28

Recognition — Governments — Representatives — Whether United States Court recognizing Maduro or Guaidó government lawyers as proper representatives of Venezuela — The law of the United States