State immunity — Jurisdiction — Embassy premises — Attachment and execution — Government of Iran owning premises in London — Premises once used as Iranian Embassy — Articles 22 and 1(i) of Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 1961 — Convention acquiring force of law in United Kingdom by means of Diplomatic Privileges Act 1964 — Whether premises protected by State immunity — Service of process on foreign State — Whether Section 12(1) of State Immunity Act 1978 applicable — Whether to treat matter ex parte — Whether Court having power to dispense with service — Whether Court having jurisdiction to entertain reference

Diplomatic relations — Diplomatic immunity — Termination of relations between Iran and United Kingdom — Whether Section 12(1) of State Immunity Act 1978 applicable — The law of England

International organizations — Legal personality — Arab Organization for Industrialization (“AOI”) being created by treaty — AOI being accorded juridical personality — Treaty excluding application of laws of Member States — Change of circumstances — Gulf States declaring AOI liquidated — Egypt purporting continuation of AOI by means of municipal laws — Whether organization continuing as same legal entity

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Recognition of international organization by municipal court — Disputes between foreign sovereign States — Doctrine of non-justiciability in English courts — Principles of comity — Whether issues justiciable in English court — Proper law governing existence, constitution and representation of AOI — Whether public international law or Egyptian law — The law of England

Claims — Diplomatic protection — Claim by State on behalf of creditors affected by exchange control restrictions imposed by debtor State — Whether claimant State acting as agent for creditors or pursuing own claim

Economics, trade and finance — External debts — Rescheduling agreements concluded through the Paris Club — State facing critical shortage of foreign exchange — Paris Club multilateral agreement — Bilateral agreements between debtor State and creditor State — Nature of agreements

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — United Kingdom — Crown conducting foreign relations by exercise of royal prerogative — Crown espousing claims of citizens — Whether acting as their agent — Presumption against trustee or agency relationship — Treaties — Effect in English law — Whether capable of conferring rights or imposing obligations — Money received by Crown under treaty — Whether held on trust — Relationship between Executive and courts in matters of foreign relations — Court required to be circumspect in matters of foreign affairs

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — United Kingdom — Treaties not incorporated into English law — Whether courts permitted to interpret such treaties — Whether unincorporated treaties creating rights or duties — The law of England

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Requirement to give evidence — Privilege against self-incrimination — Whether applicable to witness facing prosecution in foreign State for giving evidence — Defence of foreign sovereign compulsion — Whether criminal law of foreign State has extraterritorial application

States — Associated States — Cook Islands — Whether sovereign State — Relations with New Zealand — The law of New Zealand

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Whether self-executing — Whether capable of prevailing over municipal legislation

Sea — Maritime zones — Fisheries zone — Whether establishment of fisheries zone involving claim of sovereignty — Marine resources — Antarctic Convention on Marine Living Resources, 1982 — Whether precluding establishment of maritime zone and licensing regime around South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands

Territory — Claims to territorial sovereignty — Colonies — South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands — Establishment of maritime zone for fisheries conservation — Whether involving new claim to sovereignty — Antarctica — Antarctic Treaty area — Extent — The law of the Falkland Islands — The law of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — European School in Brussels — Legal status — Dispute with parents concerning class allocation of pupil — Whether subject to jurisdiction of Belgian courts — Statute of European School, 1957, and Establishment Protocol, 1962 — Failure to provide an effective remedy against decisions of organs of European School — Whether violating Article 13 of European Convention on Human Rights and Article 2 of Protocol No. 1 to Convention — Whether Belgian administrative courts implicitly vested with jurisdiction — The law of Belgium

International organizations — Legal status — European School in Mol (Belgium) — Legal basis upon which the fees are charged for pupils whose parents are not Community officials or representatives of Member States — Statute of European School, 1957, and Establishment Protocol, 1962

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Whether any rule of international law giving States the right to conclude treaties contrary to their constitutions — Requirement under international agreement that the parents of certain pupils at European School should pay tuition fees — Whether violating right to free education under Belgian Constitution (Article 17(3)) and European Convention on Human Rights (Additional Protocol No. 1, Article 2) — The law of Belgium

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — European School in Munich — Legal status — Dispute with parents concerning payment of fees — Whether subject to jurisdiction of German courts — Establishment Protocols concerning European Schools, 1962–75 — Lack of any provision for settlement of disputes by Court of Justice of European Communities or other international tribunal — Whether constituting implicit acceptance of jurisdiction of German courts — Whether charging of school fees contrary to German Constitution — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Territory — Definition of State territory — Antarctica — Whether constituting State territory — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Territory — Effects of changes of sovereignty — Legal status of Germany after 1945 — So-called “Eastern Territories” — Recognition as part of Poland under Germany-Poland Border Treaty, 1990 — Whether depriving individuals of their private property rights

Expropriation — Compensation — Property within territory of expropriating State — German-owned property in “Eastern Territories” expropriated by Polish authorities after 1945 — Expropriation without compensation — Whether per se unlawful — Public policy — Scope of application

State responsibility — Interference with property — Duty of Germany to protect property rights of its nationals — Whether violated by conclusion of Germany-Poland Border Treaty, 1990, recognizing permanent status of their mutual order

State responsibility — Acts and omissions of State and its organs — Duty to provide diplomatic protection to nationals in relation to foreign States — Discretionary nature of duty — Scope of judicial review

States — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty negotiations — Balancing of political interests of State with private interests of individuals — Whether subject to judicial review

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Treaties with a general political character — Whether violating rights of individuals — Scope of judicial review — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International organizations — Immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — European School in Karlsruhe — Legal status — Employment dispute concerning teacher’s retirement bonus — Whether subject to jurisdiction of German courts — Statute of European School, 1957, and Establishment Protocol, 1962 — Failure to provide for residual jurisdiction of German courts — Whether violating constitutional right to effective legal protection — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

State responsibility — Tort — Low-level flights by foreign military aircraft over Germany within framework of NATO — Alleged damage to health — Responsibility of sending and receiving States — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — Article VIII(5)(e)(ii) and (iii) — Not possible to attribute damage to specific Party — Principle of joint and several liability — Right of action against receiving State — Liability for damage caused by operation of military aircraft — Restriction under legislation of receiving State to injuries caused by “accident” — Definition of accident — Whether including impairment of health over substantial period of time

State responsibility — Acts and omissions of State organs and officials — NATO Status of Forces Agreement, 1951 — Responsibility of Germany for supervising actions of NATO partners in Federal Republic — Low-level flight exercises — Alleged failure to observe German Ministry of Defence regulations limiting flights to day time — Whether constituting breach of duty by German authorities actionable by individuals suffering harm

States — Conduct of foreign relations — Low-level flights by foreign military aircraft within framework of NATO — Exercise of discretion by German Ministry of Defence to permit such flights over its territory — Whether subject to judicial review — Scope of statutory authorization for flights which are “absolutely necessary” — Whether injunction available to require Germany to prohibit its NATO partners from carrying out such flights at night time on the basis that they constitute interference with basic constitutional rights of its citizens — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany