As a result of long-term heroin abuse we can see impairment of cerebral structures that leads to specific deficits in cognitive and conative area. Reaction time(RT) is an interval between reception of the certain stimulus and movement execution, as a response to received stimulus. It includes unharmed perceptive functions, attention, concentra- tion and psychomotor coordination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of heroin abuse on RT.

90 heroin addicts, divided in tree groups, regarding to abuse duration, were included in study. Reaction time was estimated by specially designed computer program, based on the modified Donders's model of reaction time.

Averige RT increase in corelation to duration of heroin addiction

Results have shown that heroin abuse is connected with the prolongation of simple and choice reaction time, in both visual and auditory modality. Also, there is significant relation between prolongation of choice reaction time and duration of heroin abuse.

Heroin abuse duration is related to decrease of psychomotor speed and impairment of psychomotor coordination.

To document if prescription opioid medications used for pain enhanced or worsened pain syndromes from medical conditions in patients who received a diagnosis of prescription opioid dependence as determined by a diagnosis by DSM-IV criteria. Further, whether detoxification improved or worsened pain perceptions and self reports in patients who chronically administered prescription opioid medications.

Our study consisted of a retrospective sample of patients taken from the Addiction Treatment Unit at St. Lawrence Hospital in Lansing, Michigan. Patients were selected from those who voluntarily sought detoxification from opioid medications in an inpatient setting. Selection criteria for the study consisted of a DSM-IV diagnosis of opioid prescription medication dependence, willingness to undergo medical detoxification, cooperation with self-report scales and abstinence from opioid medications. Study patients were randomly selected from discharges in patient census for the years 2001-2003.

The significant findings were that self reported pain scores improved during the detoxification from admission to discharge, from a mean of 5.5 at admission to mean of 3.4 at discharge (0 is no pain, and 10 is the most pain). The detoxification period extended to an average of 5 days. While oxycodone CR (OxyContin) produced higher levels of self-reported pain at admission and discharge, these patients experienced significant levels of pain reduction as with other opioid medications.

Patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of prescription opioid dependence reported (self) less pain with detoxification and abstinence from the opioid medications.

Results of some studies suggest that Baclofen (a GABA receptor agonist) maybe effective in detoxification of opium dependency. Thus we have done this study in order to identify possible efficacy of Baclofen for detoxification of opium dependency.

This study is a double- blind randomized clinical trial. We selected 52 patients with opium dependency and with other criterias that we have designed on the basis of DSM-IV TR. Then we randomly assigned patients to two outpatient groups. The first group received Baclofen (40 mg/day) and second group received placebo for two weeks accompanied by similar drugs. The severity of the opium withdrawal symptoms was measured by SOWS (short opiate withdrawal scale) and two other questionnaires for measuring mental and physical symptoms of opium withdrawal in days of 0, 2, 4, 7 and 14.

Baclofen group showed a superiority over placebo in the management of withdrawal symptoms of opium dependency, but there was not a significant statistical relationship.

Baclofen maybe considered as an effective adjuvant agent in the management of mental and physical symptoms of opium withdrawal. However further studies to confirm our results is warranted.

We have noticed in our clinical practice a few patients with psychoses whose mental health was affected by the use of Benzylpiperazine related compounds. Benzylpiperazine and related compounds were sold legally in the UK until March 2007 when they were declared illegal. They are still legal in New Zealand whilst it is classified as a Class one drug along with LSD, cocaine and cannabis in the USA, Sweden, Denmark and Greece.

To understand the effect of Benzylpiperazine based party pills on the mental health of a patient who already had a diagnosis of Schizophrenia.

We followed up the clinical psychopathology of the patient while he was in our acute Psychiatry ward in 2007 during an admission precipitated by the use of Benzylpiperazine based party pills. Also we went through his previous notes to find out the symptomatology during all his previous admissions and outpatient appointments.

Use of Benzylpiperazine based party pills resulted in manic symptoms in this patient with Schizophrenia who did not have these symptoms until he started using the party pills.

Benzylpiperazine based party pills have mood elevating properties and also induce insomnia in users. From our anecdotal experience it is seen that in patients with mental illness this leads to non compliance with medications and may also induce manic symptoms. Benzylpiperazine based drugs of abuse have been less well researched compared to other drugs of abuse.

Differences in alcoholism rates exist between Indo- and Afro-Trinidadians. We investigated whether these differences are explained by variations in the genes encoding the alcohol-metabolizing enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase.

ADH1B, ADH1C, ALDH1 and ALDH2 polymorphisms were determined as well as serum alanine aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels.

Forty-four percent of Indo-Trinidadians had one ADH1C∗2 and one ADH1C∗1 allele and 5 percent were homozygous. Twenty-three percent of Afro-Trinidadians had one ADH1C∗2 allele and 1 percent were homozygous. The allele was associated with alcohol dependence. Alcoholics with at least one ADH1C∗2 allele had elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyltransferase. Forty-one percent of the Afro-Trinidadians had at least one ADH1B∗3 allele, and three were homozygous. One Indo-Trinidadian had at least one ADH1B∗3 allele. Subjects with at least one ADH1B∗3 allele were less likely to be alcohol dependent and had lower alcohol consumption levels. Among alcohol dependent subjects, ADH1B∗3 was associated with significantly higher levels of aspartate aminotransferase. None of the subjects carried the ALDH2∗2 allele. About 10 percent of the people studied carried one copy of the ALDH1A1∗2 allele. Indo-Trinidadians with at least one ALDH1A1∗2 allele were more likely to be alcohol dependent.

The presence of ADH1C∗1 in Indo-Trinidadians and ADH1B∗3 in Afro-Trinidadians is associated with reduced risk for alcoholism. The presence of at least one copy of the ALDH1A1∗2 allele was found to be associated with an increase in alcohol dependence in Indo-Trinidadians.

Severity of disappointment to treatment of opiate dependency and high-level percent to relapse, most of investigator believes that drug dependency is a chronic and recurrent disorder. Therefore pay attention to first prevention increase. There are a lot of factors that influences to relapse, but psychiatry disorder concurrent. Individual and social factor are considerable.

This is a descriptive & analytic study with prospective approach with random sampling about 920 patients that their selves voluntary have come to poly clinical addiction in Rafsanjan University.

This study included that all factors such as age, employment, married, specific home, type of drug, method of use, amounts of use, age of beginning to abuse, use of multi drugs, injection, and previous treatment influences to outcome of treatment.

however outcome of treatment depend on several factors that individual and social factor are one of them.

To study original galogen derivative ureas which are a perspective class pharmacological active substances.

Connection of M-chlorbenzhydrilurea, (Galodif), has been studied in a number of 780 linear and cyclic derivatives of urea.

Galodif, possesses high anticonvulsive activity at all models - the maximal electroshock (11,8 + 1,7) mg/kg, corasol (218,0+18,1) mg \kg, strichnin (252,0+32,1) mg/kg and camphor (37,2 + 4,2) the mg/kg spasmes, possesses the expressed central M-cholinolitic and weak H-cholinolitic action, blocks convulsive action tiosemicarbaside. The effective dose under the test of the maximal electroshock for mice is equal 11,8 mg/kg. On breadth anticonvulsive actions (LD50/ED50) preparation Galodif (218,0) surpasses phenobarbital (9,1), benzonal (6,9) and phenuron (36,5). Galodif in therapeutic doses does not change impellent activity and rough reactions at mice, prolonges the time of a drug sleeping (chlorhydrat (on 170 %), barbamil (on 175 %), hexobarbital on 131 %), does not show antireserpin action under the test reserpin hypotermia, does not influence on aphomorphin stereotipy and does not oppress developed conditioned reflex-defensive electroencephalografic the analysis has revealed deprime action Galodif on impellent area of a bark of greater hemispheres, n. intralaminary talamusa, n. caudatus and reticular formation of an average brain. In the mechanism anticonvulsive actions.

Thus, linear derivative ureas - preparation Galodif - possesses a wide spectrum anticonvulsive activity and is safe at long application including in conditions of a pathology of a liver. Besides the preparation corresponds pharmacoeconomy to the criteria shown to modern antiepileptical treatmeants.

High comorbidity between severe mental disorders and substance dependence has been observed in our area. Dual pathology oriented programs are crucial in developing treatment strategies for these patients. This study describes the profile of the patients admitted in our dual pathology unit so as to evaluate and plan more efficient and effective treatments.

Correlative admitted patients have been included in the period between January 2005 and July 2005(N=50). Sociodemographical data, medical and psychiatric history, substance abuse pattern and treatments received have been collected.

Although the heterogeneity of the studied sample, the most frequent profile observed has been low social class, Mediterranean male stereotype affected of schizophrenia and related disorders or with borderline personality disorder. Cannabis and alcohol are the most frequent substances.

the results of this study contributes to elaborate and modify our dual pathology program.

Cloninger's type II is a severe, early-onset, male-limited, genetically influenced, impulsive form of alcoholism. We assessed the association of two gene polymorphisms (TaqI A DRD2 and 5-HTTpro) with Cloninger's typology, as defined by age at onset of alcohol-related problems, and family history of alcohol abuse, which is thought to be more frequent in type II alcoholics.

58 male alcohol dependent patients were discriminated according to age at onset of alcohol-related problems and interviewed about family history of alcoholism. Genomic DNA was extracted and PCR amplifying the studied polymorphisms were performed. The associations between DRD2 (A1 or A2 alleles), 5-HTTpro (L and S alleles), family history and typology were assessed by Pearson chi2 analyses.

While typology was not influenced by any of the studied polymorphisms, a higher rate of general family history of alcohol abuse was still observed in type II patients (χ2= 4.53; p = 0.033). Furthermore, the A1 allele of the DRD2 was significantly associated with paternal history of alcoholism (χ2= 4.66; p = 0.031) and male, first-degree, collateral history of alcoholism (χ2= 4.40; p = 0.036).

Age at onset as main discriminator between type I and type II does not seem to be influenced by TaqI A DRD2 and 5-5HTTpro polymorphisms. However, the A1 allele of the DRD2 may be a marker of male familial alcoholism, which is in line with previous studies showing association between TaqI A DRD2 with some clinical features of type II alcoholism.

Alcohol Craving Scale-3Factors (ACS-3F) retrospectively assesses the period during which the subject consumed alcohol. It includes 33 descriptions grouped in three scales: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and impaired control. Tiffany emphasized the poor correlation between self-reported drug urges and the physiological effects of drug-associated stimuli. Our main objective in this project was to investigate the psychophysiological relationship between ACS-3F and the startle reflex modulation.

We hypothesized that the assessment of self-reported craving with ACS-3F would correlate with the non-conscious emotional response to these cues represented by the modulation of the acoustic startle response.

55 alcoholic patients (29 abstainers and 26 relapsers) were exposed to acoustic startle test after three weeks of detoxification treatment. In this study, the difference between the amplitude of the startle reflex associated to images related to alcohol and the one associated to neutral images was used as dependent variable (motivational value of alcohol cues [MVAC]=startle amplitude in the presence of alcohol images-startle amplitude of neutral images).

The abstainer group showed a significant inverse correlation (r=-0.475, p<0.05) between craving total score in ACS-3F and the motivational value of alcohol cues [MVAC]. With regards to craving, the group of relapsers did not correlate with startle modulation.

ACS-3F has adequate properties of concurrent validity. Results in abstainers showed a good correlation between retrospective craving self-reported and non-conscious emotional response to alcohol cues.

The study of the acoustic startle reflex modulation in alcoholics subjects in the presence of positive, aversive, neutral images and images related to alcohol consumption will allow us to measure the implicit affective valence of theses cues.

To compare the emotional valence of the stimuli related to alcohol consumption between two groups of alcoholic patients (abstainers vs relapsers).

55 alcoholic patients (29 abstainers and 26 relapsers) were exposed to acoustic startle test after three weeks of detoxification treatment. Difference between the amplitude of the startle reflex associated to images related to alcohol and the one associated to neutral images was used as dependent variable (motivational value of alcohol cues=startle amplitude in the presence of alcohol images-startle amplitude of neutral images).

Abstainers patients showed a decrease of the startle reflex in the presence of visualization of alcohol associated stimuli compared to the registered ones in the presence of neutral stimuli (μ=-0.041). For the group of relapsers an increase (μ=0.034) of the amplitude of the startle reflex when they were exposed to alcohol related images was registered in contrast with the amplitude registered in the presence of neutral images. Differences between groups were significant (p<0.01).

Abstainers process alcohol-related images as positive stimuli. Conversely, relapsers will stop processing alcohol-related images as appetizing or positive stimuli.

The link between impulsivity and alcohol use disorders has been established in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, but little is know about the role of behavioural impulsivity in the development of substance use disorders.

Determine the role of behavioural measures of impulsivity in the development of alcohol use disorders.

A prospective cohort study was conducted to identify the risk factors associated with alcohol dependence. Non-dependent heavy drinkers (N=471) and healthy controls (N=149) were recruited from primary care centres. They were assessed at the end of the 4-year follow-up period. Diagnoses were rendered using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV. The continuous performance test (CPT) and stop-signal task (SST) assessed behavioural inhibition. Differential reinforcement for low-rate responding (DRLR) was used to evaluate the delay discounting dimension.

HD participants have significant impairments on all laboratory measures of impulsivity. In the logistic regression model, impairment on DRLR (delay discounting dimension) was the only measure that classified accurately HD. Baseline behavioural measures of impulsivity correlated positively with amount of alcohol consumption during the follow-up period. Logistic regression analysis indicated that performance on inhibitory control (SST) (behavioural inhibition dimension) was a significant predictor (odds=1.52[1.08-2.31]) for developing alcohol dependence.

Our data support the link between behavioural measures of impulsivity and alcohol use disorders. Delay discounting dimension may be a risk factor for begin alcohol use heavily and behavioural inhibition impairment is more involved in the development of dependence.

Different types of behavioural impulsivity have been associated with the development of substance use disorders but little is know about what type of impulsivity is provoked by the effect of chronic use of substances.

Determine what type of behavioural impulsivity was associated with the use of alcohol and cocaine.

A prospective cohort study was conducted to identify changes on behavioural impulsivity. Non-dependent heavy drinkers (N=471) were recruited from primary care centres. The following assessments were used at baseline and at the end of the 4-year follow-up period: The continuous performance test (CPT) and stop-signal task (SST) assessed behavioural inhibition. Differential reinforcement for low-rate responding (DRLR) was used to evaluate the delay discounting dimension. Diagnoses were rendered using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV.

Amounts on alcohol and cocaine consumption during follow-up correlated positively with changes on all impulsivity measures. Logistic regression analysis indicated that cocaine used was associated specifically with poor performance on CPT and SST and amount of alcohol used during follow-up was related to changes on DRLR.

Substances provoke different pattern of behavioural impulsivity: chronic cocaine use provokes changes mainly on behavioural inhibition dimension and alcohol use induces changes on delay discounting paradigm.

The presentation focuses on women's drinking problems, early relations, their mood states and expectancies as important factors influencing individual patterns of drinking. The objective is two-fold: (1) to investigate states of mood and expectancies preceding a typical drinking occasion; and (2) to study possible connections between mood state, expectancies, and relation to parents versus drinking patterns.

The population consists of 50 female alcohol patients from a Swedish clinic for women with alcohol dependence problems. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. A mixed method design was used to treat qualitative interview-data and quantitative data from questionnaires and medical journals.

Four out of five patients were children of parents with dependence problems. Moods were described by patients as mostly negative states, and expectancies showed a preference for escaping from a stressful situation or for enhancing one's own experience. About 60 % of the patients reported negative family relations, pointing to deficient parental modeling.

Sweden represents a non-traditional culture with multiple role demands. Thus, it is proposed that coping characterized by the urge to escape from overwhelming pressures may be a risk factor for drinking problems in the present patient population. Combined analyses of quantitative and qualitative data will be presented and the discussion will focus on the need to develop treatment designs that include gender and cultural analyses.

We investigated effect of Galodif® on activity of liver cytochrome P-450 system of alcoholics from Russians and Tatars.

68 patients were examined. The concentration of antipirine in saliva was determined by spectrophotometry assay (B.B. Brodie 1949, in Semenjuk A.V. modification, 1982). Pharmacokinetic parameters were counted as follows: period of half elimination (T1/2, h), total clearance (Cl t, ml/min), middle time of residual (MRT, h) middle time of elimination (MET, h), area under pharmacokinetic curve (AUC, mkgh/ml).

T1/2 (h) was 8,81±5,23 before treatment and 4,37±2,31∗ after treatment with Galodif; Clt (ml/min) 113,42±38,67 and 137,37±54,00;MRT (h) 11,44±5,43 and 3,69±0,60∗; МЕТ (h) 6,03±2,10 and 4,64±1,83∗; АUС (mkgh / ml) 7,05±5,74 and 6,39±2,18 respectively (∗-differences between values of pharmacokinetic parameters are reliable according to l-criterion by Kolmogorov-Smirnov р<0,05). Galodif reduces period of half-elimination, significant decrease of middle time of residual drug in organism and middle elimination time. Total clearance increased. Under influence of Galodif elimination of antipirine increased that suggested induction of liver microsomal monooxigenases cytochrome P-450 system in Russian alcoholic patients. Influence of Galodif on antipirine pharmacokinetics parameters in Tatar alcoholic patients: T1/2 (h) 11,19±2,95 and 2,57±0,69∗; Clt (ml/min) 71,108±11,58 and 116,23± 9,40∗; MRT (h) 8,66±1,13 and 2,60±0,46∗; МЕТ (h) 5,71±0,57 and 3,68±0,49∗; АUС (mkg h/ ml) 11,58±1,71 and 7,30±1,04∗. Galodif ability for induction of liver monooxigenases of patients from different ethnic groups is to be taken into account during clinical application. Individual sensitivity of organism to drug is caused by biochemical and anthropo-morpho-physiological polymorphism.