The diagnosis of ADHD is clinical based upon a cluster of symptoms and criteria established by guidelines such as the DSM-5. Yet, objective markers are needed to support the clinical ADHD diagnosis in children and adults. Studies suggest that a neurobiological marker (eye vergence i.e. where the eyes move in opposite directions) can detect ADHD in children and adults. The eyes converge during orienting attention, as evidenced by visual event related potentials at parietal locations. This attention related vergence is impaired in ADHD patients.

We review the neurobiology and findings of eye vergence and the relevance of its measurement for the clinical diagnosis of ADHD.

Neural circuits underlying eye vergence and attention largely overlap. Using machine learning, eye vergence measurements can classify ADHD in children and adults with high (> 90%) accuracy.

Eye vergence is a promising candidate for an objective clinical diagnosis of ADHD.

Part of this research was paid by Braingaze. HS is co-founder and shareholder of Braingaze.

The need for diagnosis and correct classification of depression among children is dictated by its burdeness with age, high risk of recurrence at further stages of child development and propensity to suicidal behavior.

One hundred and sixty adolescents with ADD were included in our study. The study design comprised: clinicopsychopathological, somatoneurological, psychological and neurohormonal methods.

Clustering symptom of anxiety and depression have shown that for children in early puberty is typical more formation of somatic (35.2%), behavioral (21.6%), phobic (21.6%) variants of depression, less-anxiety (13.5%), asthenia (8.1%). For children in puberty – apathetic (30.1%), anxiety (28.9%), dismorfofobic (27.7%), behavioral (13.3%) variants. The proportion of suicidal behavior of depression increases in proportion to age, mainly due to suicidal thoughts, sayings, auto-aggressive behavior. Analysis of the formation conditions of anxiety and depression in children showed a significant correlation of genetic, biological and socio-environmental components.

Symptoms of the minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) at an early ontogeny (prognostic value = +4.8), loaded natal period (PV = +4.2), frequent colds in the medical history (PV = 3.7), signs of cerebro-organic failure (PV = +3.8) and obesity as an endocrine disorder (PV = +2.1), sex and age of the manifestation of the first depressive episode in the early stages ontogenesis in boys aged 7 years (PS = +5.3), in girls aged 9 years (PS = +3.9) have been registered among biological risk factors for the ADD formation. Prognostic significance of neurohormonal parameters as regards the risk for ADD formation in adolescents is based on a decreased serotonin level in patients with depressive anxiety (PV = +2.8) and a reduced melatonin level, irrespective of the variant of clinical depression (PV = +2.4).

Determination of neurobiological and neurohormonal risk markers for the development of the ADD makes it possible to carry out psychoprophylactic measures.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The study considers the problem of the anxiety-depressive disorders (ADD) in children with concomitant obesity in the context of the search for effective methods of their correction.

Included 64 children at puberty with the anxiety-depressive disorders, comorbid with obesity. Design comprised: clinicopsychopathological, somatoneurological, psychological monitoring (CDRS-R); the Spielberger, “Me and my illness” and “Man in the Rain” projective drawing tests.

The symptoms of emotional and vegetative tension, depression registered in all studied children.

In the developed model of support, the interventions of primary level are aimed on family and closest encirclement of the child (family psychotherapy, psycho-educational programs for children and their parents). Strategies:

– stressful situation in the family (practical, psychological support and education of parents);

– for relief of depressive and vegetative-anxious symptoms (using art therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy);

– for education of patients in the wider context – quality of life, coping, motivation and modification of inappropriate behaviors (modeling of new cognitions).

The technology includes the diagnosis of the psychosomatic core of the disease, areas of neurotic fixation of the child with ADD and obesity, correction of emotional homeostasis and cognitive imbalance by activation of the personality individual resources as a result using cognitive-behavioral and art-dynamic therapy, as well as a “Control of eating behavior” training program, and solving certain situational problems by a child with the disease.

Our method makes the tactics of psychotherapeutic and psycho-educational intervention at an early stage of the disease.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Pediatric acute onset neuropsychiatric syndrome is associated with various infections (i.e. Streptococcus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae).

We describe a case of PANS associated with mononucleosis, in a patient with Noonan syndrome.

To report a case of EBV-related PANS.

A 13-year-old patient, diagnosed with Noonan syndrome, was referred to the pediatric unit of our hospital in August 2016 because of aggressive behavior and suicidal ideation. He had no personal or family history of psychiatric disorder. His parents and him denied substance abuse. His symptoms had begun abruptly one month prior to our evaluation, after watching an internet video, and consisted in intrusive thoughts and images associated with mental compulsions. Suicidal thoughts and verbal aggressiveness emerged because he felt overwhelmed by these symptoms.

He was initially treated with sertraline 25 mg, and subsequently switched to aripiprazole because of increased anxiety. Throat cultures and anti-streptolysin titer (ASO) were negative, as well as Ig(M) and Ig(G) antibodies for M. pneumoniae. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were also negative. Epstein–Barr virus Ig(M) and Ig(G) were positive. He continued therapy with aripiprazole 10 mg after hospital discharge with partial benefit.

Epstein–Barr virus infection has been reported to precede various neuropsychological disorders, but to the best of our knowledge, rare cases of PANS following mononucleosis have been described in literature. In our case, psychopharmacological treatment for OCD symptoms was the only treatment performed and led to a partial remission of symptoms.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The paper discusses the problem of psychiatric treatment of rare diseases and “diagnostic screening” of certain psychic symptoms that affect people with intellectual disabilities. Prader–Willi (PWS) is a genetic syndrome that belongs to a group of rare diseases and is caused by deficiency or loss of function of genes on chromosome 15 inherited from the father. This disease affects both sexes and its main characteristics are: obesity, hyperphagia, mental retardation and hypogonadism. Chronical feeling of insatiable hunger and slow metabolism leads to excessive body weight which is, according to existing date sources and monitoring studies, the primary cause of premature death of patients with PWS. Anxiety, psychomotor agitation, behavioral problems, difficulties with short-term memory, frequent skin injury in the form of wounds and bruises are the symptoms of this disease that hinder diagnosis and treatment. Research suggests that patients with PWS have unusual reactions to the standard drug dosages, specifically anxiolytics.

We shall present a multidisciplinary approach of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment of a 16-year-old female patient with PWS.

This patient responded well to a small dosage of quetiapine, at the same time monitoring other physical parametres. Pharmacotherapy, combined with psychotherapy, along with providing counseling and support for parents resulted in decreased psychomotor restlessness and, subsequently, better control of food intake and prevention of weight gain.

This paper has emphasis on the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, as well as experience from clinical practice in the treatment of complex and rare syndrome diseases.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Although more than 85% of children with DCD are affected by handwriting disorders, their characteristics and underlying mechanisms remain poorly known.

We aim to better identify the nature of handwriting disorders in subtyping DCD children.

School children aged between 5 to 15 years and exhibited a DCD (according to DSM-5) are eligible for inclusion. They were classified in three subtypes of DCD: ideomotor (IM), visual-spatial and/or constructional (VSC), and mixed (MX). They were assessed with a standardized handwriting evaluation including quality and speed and a clinical observation of motor gestual developmental and temporal-spatial organization of handwriting highlighting six qualitative criteria: irregular handwriting (criterion 1), immaturity of handwriting gesture (criterion 2), excessive pressure of the pen on the paper (criterion 3), neuro-vegetative responses (criterion 4), trembling (criterion 5), slow handwriting velocity (criterion 6). Two groups are established: children with poor handwriting (PH) and children with dysgraphia (DysG).

While 89% of children have handwriting disorders, only 20% exhibit dysgraphia. IM DCD is characterized by an immaturity of handwriting gesture and is associated with PH. Dysgraphia appears only in VSC and MX DCD which are characterized by the association of criteria 1, 2, 3, and 4. This association appears to more than 80% in DysG. Slow handwriting velocity is constant between PH and DysG.

Immaturity of handwriting gesture is a possible underlying mechanism of poor handwriting. Dysgraphia is associated with specific impairments in spatial organization of letters and in motor control of handwriting gesture.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Self-mutilations are defined as an intentional behaviour that involves direct aggression to the person's body, without aware suicide intention. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) included self-mutilation as part of the diagnostic criteria for the other specified disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder or borderline personality disorder. Later, the DSM-5 suggests that this behavior constitutes a separate diagnostic entity. Despite the growing concern regarding the increased incidence of self-mutilation among adolescents, there is still no consensus on the pathogenesis of this behavior. Recent studies have suggested that, in some cases, non-suicidal self-injurious behavior may be understood as an addictive behavior. Based on this hypothesis, several researchers have conducted genetic, neurobiological and clinical studies, to verify the existence of common pathways between these two nosological entities.

The aim of this study is to conduct a literature review of studies that propose an additive model for self-injurious behavior, discussing its implications in the diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.

Articles indexed in the Pubmed database were analyzed as well as book and studies published in scientific journals.

A better understanding of the pathogenesis of self-mutilation is crucial to our diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Unfortunately, studies done on this topic in the past were inconclusive. Further clarification, through new studies, is needed in order for us to help adolescents with this behavior in a more effective way.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by impaired social and communicative abilities as well as restricted, repetitive, stereotyped pattern of behaviors, interests, and activities. Significant difficulties in social interactions in autistics are manifested by impairment in eye-to-eye contact, social reciprocity, and response to emotional cues.

Highlighting the neurological basis of normal face processing and its abnormalities in ASD with percussions on the management plan of autistic children.

Human face processing that was proved to be compromised in autistic individuals is pivotal for proper social interactions. Such simple spontaneous perceptual task in normal children is carried out by face processing areas of the brain; fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, and amygdala. Behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging studies showed evidences of dysfunction of such areas in autistics who often focus on face periphery and cannot interpret that it tells something about a person's state of mind. Very early targeted intervention can stimulate face processing areas of the brain during the early developmental phases of social brain circuitry which in turn will help autistics to pay attention to faces and learn to understand emotional expressions.

Eventually, prevention or at least significant amelioration of severity and symptomatology spectrum of autism might be possible.

The author have not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

The etiologic diagnosis of ataxic syndrome is a challenge itself, requiring a complete history, physical examination, and sometimes neuroimaging, as well as extensive laboratory evaluation but despite that in many cases, the etiology remains uncertain. But in this case report, we are focused on a complication due to this syndrome, depression episode in a patient suffering from an yet unknown etiology of ataxic syndrome.

An 18.5 years old Albanian female visits for the first time the child and adolescent psychiatry clinic suffering from insomnia for at least 3 months, had difficulties in taking care of her personal hygiene, did not communicate to anyone, loss of appetite, spent 2–3 hours crying without reason and depressive humor. She also manifested tremor and gait abnormalities, which according to her medical history a year ago, in Italy she was diagnosed with ataxic syndrome, but the etiology is not yet specified. BECK Depression Inventory at the first presentation scored 47 points. The girl was hospitalized and treated in our clinic.

Patient suffering from ataxic syndrome have many neurologic complication with the passing of the years, but there has been little information or focus on the psychiatric ones and in the literature is described a syndrome called cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome with similar symptoms. In this case, we describe a patient with life-threatening situation due to her mental health condition and by treating the depression we noticed that the neurologic symptoms improved as well.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Autism spectrum disorder and early onset schizophrenia have many similar symptoms, however, these are different disorders. It is important to identify the main similarities\differences in the structure of cognitive impairment to define further assistance these children correctly. We distinguished two options for cognitive defect (total and partial) in children with schizophrenia.

Comparison of cognitive functions at children with autism spectrum disorder and early onset schizophrenia.

Two groups with autism spectrum disorder (ASD1 – 22 patients of MHRC mean age 8.9; ASD2 – 27 pupils of special school mean age 7,4). Two groups with early onset schizophrenia (F20.8 – 16 patients of MHRC mean age 10,2; F21 – 18 patients of MHRC mean age 10.0).

Battery of pathopsychological tests for assessing cognitive functions (memory, attention, thinking), test figures of Leeper for visual perception. Z-scales were used for estimation of cognitive deficit or defect.

Patients demonstrate variety of cognitive functioning. Normal cognitive functioning: ASD1* – 22%, F20.8 – 18%, F21* – 50% (* – P ≤ 0.05); partial cognitive defect: ASD1 – 27%, F20.8 – 18%, F21 – 22%; total cognitive defect: ASD1** – 50%, F20.8 – 64%, F21** – 27% (** – P ≤ 0.01). ASD1 and F20 were the worth in thinking. Children ASD1 and ASD2 demonstrate similar success in recognizing Leeper's figures.

There are some common features of cognitive development in children with severe forms of ASD and early onset schizophrenia, first of all in thinking.

No significant differences obtained between severe – mild forms of autistic disorders in visual perception (ASD1 and ASD2).

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Grief is as normal reactive to a significant personal loss. It is characterized by affective, cognitive, behavioural and physiological symptoms. The grieving process is usually divided in five different stages, but in most cases presents a benign course, with decreased suffering and better adaptation to the new context. However, when high levels of emotional suffering or disability persist over a long time period, it becomes a case of complicated grief (CG), which should be adequately addressed.

To review the characteristics of CG, the evidence that supports it as an individual pathological entity, and its place in current classification systems.

We performed a bibliographic search in Pubmed and PsychInfo, of articles written in English, Portuguese and Spanish, containing the key words: grief, bereavement, psychiatry, classification.

The main issue regarding grief is the degree to which it is reasonable to interfere with a usually benign process. Since DSM-III bereavement has been referred to as an adaptive reaction to an important loss, which should not be diagnosed as major depressive disorder or adjustment disorder. However, DSM-5 has stated persistent complex bereavement disorder as an independent entity. In fact, CG fulfils the general criteria of every psychiatric syndrome, namely regarding specific diagnosis criteria, differential diagnosis from depressive disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder, and improvement with adequate treatment.

It is important to correctly approach CG, since it presents with characteristic diagnosis features and much improvement may be achieved once adequate treatment is provided.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Many patients seen in clinical practice have a mood disorder not well described by the existing diagnostic categories. Formally, they would be called “not otherwise specified” but this creates a huge single category for many patients that belies the richness and complexity of their symptoms.

Review the existing information regarding the bipolar spectrum concept and reflect about its importance and utility.

Nonsystematic review of the literature – scientific publications from Pubmed and Psychiatry Textbooks.

The “bipolar spectrum disorder”, designating those patients who fall in the middle of the mood spectrum between the classic unipolar and type I bipolar extremes, would represent recurrent severe depression, but with a family history of bipolar disorder or antidepressant-induced mania or a number of other features of bipolarity in addiction to depressive symptoms, course, or treatment response. The presence of hyperthymic or cyclothymic mood temperaments has also been suggested as part of this bipolar spectrum concept. Several arguments can be found supporting the existence of this spectrum. A validated bipolar spectrum concept will allow a decrease in the diagnostic underestimation of bipolar disease and a more differentiated investigation and treatment model. Bipolar spectrum concepts will help identify those patients to whom antidepressants are not the best therapeutic approach, in relation to mood stabilizers and/or neuroleptics.

The bipolar spectrum concept has considerable supporting evidence and utility, theoretical as well as practical. Its development and diagnostic acceptance shall allow new discriminated investigation and better patient outcomes.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The prevalence of crack cocaine on Brazil reveal an increase since 2009 and represents a public health problem.

To describe and study the socio-demographic profile of female crack users undergoing treatment in psychosocial care center for alcohol and others drugs (CAPS AD).

This is a qualitative, ethnographic study of 9 female crack users that was conduct from February until September 2015 at CAPS AD in Brazil. This is study is part of a research entitled “The daily life of female crack users: public service access”.

These women are young, have children that most of them are separated and have at least primary school. All of them have a long time using crack and different attempts of abstinence. They access different public health programs.

The results show the vulnerable profile of female crack users. These findings indicate the need specific public intervention in other to improve social and health conditions.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Constituting 2% of the population, PWDID are a vulnerable group with a higher prevalence of mental disorders than the general population. ICD diagnostic criteria often rely on adequate cognitive functioning and hence diagnosis of mental disorders in PWDID can be difficult, consequently leading to inequity of treatment, prognosis and stigma. Our study critically analysed the available evidence base and explored the feasibility of applying modified diagnostic criteria within the context of cumulative iterative iteration. We present the outcome using diagnosis of DID and anxiety disorder as examples.

Address current shortcomings in ICD classification regarding PWDID by contributing effectively to the WHO ICD-11 consultation process in collaboration with international stakeholders.

Facilitate accessibility of ICD-11 criteria for diagnosis of mental disorders capable of engendering robust evidence based epidemiological data and healthcare in PWDID.

We evaluated current evidence via a systematic literature search utilising PRISMA guidelines and developed pragmatic guidelines to adapt ICD diagnostic criteria in PWDID. A brief screener [Glasgow Level of Ability and Development Scale (GLADs)] for detecting DID was also studied internationally within the context of clinical utility (n = 136).

The evidence base relating to mental disorders in PWDID is poor, significantly hampered by difficulties in applicability of diagnostic criteria. The GLADs appears to be a promising screening tool with good clinical utility for detecting disorders of intellectual development (DID) particularly where resources are scarce.

Pragmatic modifications to ICD-11 diagnostic criteria and the GLADS tool facilitates its clinical utility for PWDID and contributes significantly to enhancing research based evidence, and, ultimately their health access and well-being.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The main feature of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is impairing preoccupation with a physical defect that appears slight to others. Previously, its delusional and nondelusional variants were sorted in two separate categories, but owing to new data suggesting that there are more similitudes than differences between them, DSM-5 now classifies both as levels of insight of the same disorder.

To enunciate the similarities and differences between the two variants of BDD.

To better understand the features and comorbidity of BDD, so as to improve its management and treatment.

Taking DSM-5 and DSM-IV-TR as a reference, we have made a bibliographic search in MEDLINE (PubMed), reviewing articles no older than 5 years that fit into the following keywords: body dysmorphic disorder, delusions, comorbidity, DSM-IV, DSM-5.

Both the delusional and nondelusional form presented many similarities in different validators, which include family and personal history, pathophysiology, core symptoms, comorbidity, course and response to pharmacotherapy.

The new classification of delusional and nondelusional forms of BDD as levels of insight of the same disorder, which places them closer to the obsessive-compulsive spectrum than to the psychotic one, not only improves treatment options, but also reinforces the theory that delusions are not exclusive of psychotic disorders, setting a precedent for the understanding and classification of other disorders with delusional/nondelusional symptoms.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Recent studies on autism concern the number of individuals diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) according to DSM-IV-TR who may no longer qualify for diagnoses under the new DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD is diagnosed using the impairments in two dimensions:

– the social and communication dimension;

– the restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors (RRIB) dimension whereas PDD is diagnosed using impairments in three dimensions.

All the studies indicate between 50 and 75% of individuals will maintain diagnoses.

The aim of the study is to quantify how many individuals with previous PDD diagnoses under DSM-IV-TR criteria would maintain a diagnosis of ASD under DSM-5 criteria.

Our sample consists of 23 cases (21 males, 2 female) related to the treatment Centre “Una breccia nel muro” of Rome and Salerno. All the cases previous received a PDD diagnose according to DSM-IV TR criteria. The mean age of cases was 7.7 years. All the cases were diagnosed by our team according to DSM-5 criteria, clinicians also used to make diagnoses: the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2, the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised.

Eighty-seven percent of cases with PDD were classified as ASD using DSM-5 criteria. Thirteen percent of cases, that previous received an Asperger diagnose, did not meet the ASD criteria (Fig. 1).

DSM-5 criteria may easily exclude cases with high functioning from ASD because they tend to be atypical for ASD according to this study.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Internet use has affected the pattern of working style at the workplace. Recent years have seen an increased use of online activities (especially pornography/gaming) at the workplace. It has been shown to affect productivity at the workplace. There is a dearth of literature from the Indian context in this area.

This study was conducted to explore the pattern of pornography use and gaming at the workplace and its dysfunctions.

The present study was a cross-sectional prospective study.

The objective of the study was to assess the pattern of pornography use at the workplace. Five hundred employees having experience of internet use for more than a year of various government/private sector organizations in Bengaluru were assessed using background data sheet, DSM-5 criteria, internet addiction test and pornography addiction screening instrument. Users who were unwilling to participate were excluded from the study.

Seven to 9% reported preference for Internet to work, meals, personal hygiene, sleep, and interaction with family members and effects on productivity. Three to 4% have excessive use of pornography and game.

The present study has implications for evolving psychoeducational modules for the promotion of healthy use of technology.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Recent developments in psychiatric diagnosis risk downgrading psychological and social aspects of personal recovery and marginalise the individual needs and aspirations of people, considered in their local context. The publication of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Health Disorders (DSM-5) by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) prompted MHE to establish the Beyond the Biomedical Paradigm Task Force (BBPtf) to investigate, debate and report on these issues.

Mental Health Europe (MHE) – along with others both within and outside mainstream psychiatry – has noted with concern the increasing dominance of a biological approach to mental health problems. We see a risk of diagnoses being misused when they become part of a complex managerial health system responding mainly to the economic and issues of safety or social control. This kind of misuse could breach the principles of the UN CRPD. MHE welcomes the role of the WHO in coordinating internationally appropriate classification systems. However, we want to ensure that systems based on biomedical, economic and managerial issues are balanced with systems based on knowledge of personal experiences, life stories and direct relationships, which have proven outcomes and which respect human rights and dignity.

This workshop will explore the complex philosophical issues associated with psychiatric diagnosis and, in particular, the ICD-10 revision process.

I am President of the British Psychological Society and a member of both Mental Health Europe's “Beyond the Bio-Medical Paradigm Task Force” and the Council for Evidence Based Psychiatry. I am currently in receipt of funding from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), and I have previously received funding from a variety of sources.

The others authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Paraphrenia is a poorly defined process whose uncertain origins date back to the German psychiatry mid-nineteenth century. Paraphrenia would be a subtype of schizophrenia characterized by a more benign clinical course in terms of volitional and emotional involvement. Certain types of serious sensoperceptive distortions and paranoid symptoms are characteristics of this clinical variant. Despite its diverse presentation, its chronic development and its presence in the daily lives of the patient, the overall functionality is not deeply affected.

To discuss the validity of this and other clinical processes based on classical clinical descriptions for diagnostic approach of our current patients, in contrast to the common use simplified concept (forgetting in ICD-10 or disappeared in American manuals).

Clinical case a middle-aged woman diagnosed with longstanding paranoid schizophrenia who suffered from a highly systemized delusional and hallucinatory syndrome with chronic evolution after a first relapse due to abandonment of treatment, but keeping high functional performance even during phases of partial remission.

Schizophrenia presents multiple symptomatic and prognostic paths. Classical authors named these different subtypes. Revisiting these subtypes could be useful as a complementary tool for predicting clinical outcome based on their descriptions, especially in the absence of reliable material instruments.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.