The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Florence Gressier has given talks for Lundbeck and Servier and received a grant from Servier for a postdoctoral degree (2011-2012).

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

The aim of postgraduate psychiatric training is to prepare psychiatrists to practice independently. The quality of care provided will depend on the training they received. Pregnancy and childbirth (usually called the perinatal period) are a high-risk period for many women with psychiatric problems. An illness episode at that time can have a devastating effect on women and the whole family, including the child's development.

To understand how perinatal mental health training is organized within Europe and how it fits in the training curricula.

The European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees conducts an annual survey of all member country organizations. We have asked respondents if they received training in perinatal psychiatry, whether that was optional or mandatory and what was its duration. Where training in perinatal psychiatry was not available we asked if they felt it should be.

Data will be presented from the 35 countries that responded in the 2016 survey. Six countries reported that training in perinatal mental health is available. But it is mandatory in only one, with the others offering a mix of theoretical and practical optional training. Of the 29 countries that do not offer perinatal psychiatry training, the majority reported it should be offered and mandatory.

There is a gap in the expectations of psychiatrists treating women in pregnancy and after birth, and a widespread lack of training for them to be able to do so effectively.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Approaching and offering treatment to a patient in perinatal period might be complicated. Often, it is regarded as one of the most difficult aspects in psychiatry. Given the increasing trends in the number of female patients of childbearing age consulting to psychiatric services, it has become an issue that specialists of today and tomorrow need to be well aware of.

To better understand the impact of perinatal mental health training on psychiatric trainees from different countries in Europe who receive such training.

The European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees conducts annual surveys, directing questions to national trainee representatives, to assess the situation of psychiatric training. EFPT representatives of the countries where perinatal mental health training was reported to be included in psychiatry and/or child and adolescent psychiatry training programmes, namely Germany, France, Malta, Finland and Ireland, were contacted. Qualitative interviews focusing on the confidence (or in confidence) trainees feel when a patient who is planning pregnancy, pregnant or breastfeeding consults to them and the impact of training in perinatal mental health on their attitudes as clinicians were explored.

Although theoretical training in perinatal mental health is considered as an important aspect of psychiatry training in general, practical training or rotations are not found as essential. However, being able to benefit to more than one generation was perceived as a source of motivation.

Perinatal mental health is appreciated as a critical part of theoretical education by trainees and in countries where a clinical rotation is available, it enhances making more use of resources and consultation possibilities.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Researches show that the period of migration, or the migration process itself, may confer an increased risk for psychosis. Some studies have addressed whether the high rates of psychosis found in migrants could be due to higher genetic or environmental risk factors. Facing severe or chronic stress such as trauma, social isolation, low socio-economic status, late-life social adversity may result in long term, sometimes permanent, alterations of the biological stress response system, leading to the onset of psychosis.

This study aims to examine, in a large sample of first episode psychosis patients, whether negative social experiences like stressful life events and difficulties, trauma and isolation have significantly higher frequencies in migrants with respect to natives.

The present study is conducted within the framework of the EUGEI (European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene Environment Interactions) study, a Europe-wide incidence and case–control study of psychosis conducted in 12 centers chosen to include areas with large first and subsequent generation migrant populations.

Data about age, gender, migration history, trauma, life events, ethnicity, social class and family history of mental disorders have been collected.

Preliminary data on the relationship between trauma and migration in first episode psychosis will be presented.

Since migration is an important stressful life event, and difficulties in integration in host countries may remain chronic, it is important to identify in each context the most vulnerable minority groups in order to implement targeted prevention interventions.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Research has established that there are high rates of first episode psychosis (FEP) in immigrant populations. These findings could indicate that socio-environmental risk factors, such as individual social class, social capital, early trauma, life events, neighborhood deprivation could be relevant in explaining the differences in incidence rates observed between migrants and natives, following the socio-developmental model of Morgan et al. (2010). Some preliminary results also indicate that migration history itself versus ethnicity could implicate higher risk of the onset of psychotic disorders.

To present preliminary findings from the EUGEI European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene Environment Interactions study.

Population based FEP incidence/case control study. Comparison of the incidence rate of FEP and of the distribution of several risk factors (e.g. substance abuse, neighborhood deprivation, urbanicity and trauma) in natives and migrants in different countries across Europe.

Preliminary results of the EUGEI study will be discussed in comparison with previous evidences.

The EUGEI study allows a deeper understanding of the excess of FEP found among migrants in Europe.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

To investigate the impact of childhood trauma on the clinical course of panic disorder.

Longitudinal data of 539 participants with a current panic disorder were collected from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Childhood trauma was assessed with a structured interview and clinical course after two years with a DSM-IV-based diagnostic interview and the Life Chart Interview.

At baseline, 56.3% reported childhood trauma, but this was not predictive of persistence of panic disorder. Emotional neglect and psychological abuse were associated with higher occurrence of anxiety disorders other than panic disorder (social phobia) and with higher chronicity of general anxiety symptoms (anxiety attacks or episodes and avoidance). Baseline clinical features (duration and severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms) and personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion) accounted for roughly 30 to 60% of the total effect of childhood trauma on chronicity of anxiety symptoms and on occurrence of other anxiety disorders.

After two years, childhood trauma is associated with chronicity of anxiety symptoms and occurrence of social phobia, rather than persistence of panic disorder. These relationships are partially accounted for by duration and severity of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and neuroticism and extraversion.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) constitutes an important complication of stroke, leading to great disability as well as increased mortality. Since which treatment for PSD should be preferred are still matters of controversy, we aimed to compare and rank these treatments.

We did a network meta-analysis to incorporate both direct and indirect evidence from relevant trials by Bayesian random effects model. We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Library Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, Embase for randomized controlled trials of different PSD treatments. The primary outcomes were efficacy and tolerability. We assessed the quality of evidence using the GRADE framework.

From 1347 citations, 27 randomised trials with a total of 1620 participants were included in this network meta-analysis. In terms of primary outcome, only for reboxetione (standardised mean difference [SMD] −12.84, 95% credible interval [CrI] −23.13 to −2.65) and nortriptyline (SMD −7.95, 95% CrI −14.85 to −1.75) enough evidence existed to support superiority compared with placebo. No significant difference was observed in terms tolerability. Considering patient response rate, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was statistically more effective than sertraline plus nimodipine (Relative risk [RR] 5.53, 95% CrI 1.36 to 23.86) and fluoxetine (RR 10.74, 95% CrI 3.55 to 35.97)

Compared with placebo, reboxetione and nortriptyline offered a clear advantage for PSD patients. rTMS is probably the best option to consider in addition of pharmacological treatment. Nevertheless, doctors need to consider our results together with all known safety and economy information when selecting the strategy for individual patients.

The author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Self-report instruments are useful tools for the assessment of psychopathological symptoms such as obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The Padua Inventory (PI) is a measure that has been widely used in clinical and research settings and studied in several countries.

This study explores the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Portuguese version of the PI.

Translation and translation-back of the original version were executed. A total of 847 participants (468 women and 379 men) from the general population was recruited through a snowball procedure and completed the PI and other mental health measures. The data set was randomly split in order to conduct principal component analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor (CFA) analysis in two different samples. Moreover, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity and test-retest reliability analyses were conducted.

From the PCA analysis four factors emerged, comprising clusters of items related to doubting/impaired control over mental activities, contamination/washing/cleaning, checking and worries about losing control over motor behaviors. CFA results revealed that the model presented a poor fit to the data and indicated that the model would benefit from the establishment of correlations between pairs of error terms of items with identical contents. The PI exhibited excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity.

The PI Portuguese version showed a similar factor structure to the one presented in other studies and revealed good psychometric properties. Nevertheless, results from the CFA suggest that shortening the PI may be advantageous.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

OCD is a complex disorder with multiple aetiological theories. Recent research points to role of autoimmunity as well as hyperactivity of glutaminergic pathways in aetiopathogenesis of the disorder. It is possible that autoimmune mechanisms may modulate excitatory neurotransmission resulting in OCD.

This study aimed to study the association between serum anti-basal ganglia autoantibodies (ABGA) and Glx (glutamate + glutamine) levels in caudate nucleus and anterior cingulate cortex as demonstrated by 1H-MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy).

Thirty psychotropic-naive OCD patients and an equal number of age, gender matched healthy controls were studied using 1H-MRS and levels of Glx were obtained. ABGA was measured using ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) technique and categorised as present or absent in the serum.

ABGA was present in significantly higher proportion of patients as compared to controls (P < 0.05). Glx level was significantly higher (as measured by 1H-MRS) in patients with ABGA as compared to those without ABGA (P = 0.02). The study results did not differ based on age, gender, disease severity and illness duration.

The study demonstrates presence of ABGA in at least a subset of OCD population. The significant correlation between brain Glx levels and presence of ABGA provides a putative neurobiological framework for OCD. The strengths of the study include psychotropic-naive patients, blinded investigators and use of standardized instruments. The limitations include small sample size, use of Glx as proxy measure of glutamate and lack of other disorder controls. Similar studies on a larger sample are warranted for a better understanding.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Patients with antisocial personality disorder incur high costs on society, and are at high risk of dropping out of treatment and are often excluded from treatment, yet very little research has been conducted on how to best help these patients.

To test a six-session psychoeducation program, Impulsive Lifestyle Counselling, in outpatients with substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder.

To test the efficacy of the intervention versus treatment as usual in community outpatient treatment for substance use disorders.

Pragmatic randomized trial in 13 outpatient community substance abuse treatment uptake areas. Patients were interviewed by blinded interviewers 3, 9 and 15 months post-randomization and tracked through a national substance abuse treatment register. Mixed effects regression were used to assess substance use and self-reported aggression and Cox regression was used to assess risk of dropout.

A total of 175 patients was randomized. At 3-month follow-up, patients randomized to intervention reported more days abstinent and less drug use severity than patients randomized to treatment as usual. In addition, patients randomized to intervention were at lower risk of dropout after intervention. In addition, patients randomized to intervention were more likely to report having received help for antisocial personality disorder at follow-up interviews.

A brief psychoeducational intervention may improve outcomes for outpatients with antisocial personality disorder.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Using self-report assessment methods, the present study examined affective factors that influenced the gender specific use of a survey-based orientation strategy and landmark-based route-finding strategy in an unfamiliar environment. First, we analyzed the role of early navigation experiences and the influence of early parental attachment (emotional warmth, overprotection and rejection) on way finding strategy. Second, the study analyzed the intercorrelations between way finding strategies and fear-related avoidance behavior and anxiousness.

Three hundred and sixteen male and female students were recruited in a study to analyze the relationships between navigation strategies, fears, early parental childrearing behavior and navigation experiences. We proposed that use of navigation strategy depends on not only the physical features of the current environment and the participants’ gender, but also fears of closed and opened spaces and types of perceived parental childrearing behavior.

We found that when exploring strange places, females used a route-finding strategy in contrast to males who used an orientation strategy for exploring a strange environment. Fear enhanced the preference for a route-finding strategy in both females and males. A route-finding strategy was associated with agoraphobic scores in females and with social fears in males. Perceived rejection from father and emotional warmth from mother together induces usage of route-finding navigation strategy.

The family background influence on the capability to have personal experiences in unfamiliar environment and to cope with fears and behavioral avoidance in strange opened and closed places.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.