The German physician and poet Justinus Kerner (1786–1862), Swabian public health officer in Weinsberg, is well known as an allround, even an epoch-making personality in his time and a natural scientist typical for late romanticism. His greatest merit is not due to his poetic scripts, but to his scientific work. This begins with his medical dissertation “Observata de functione singularum partium auris”, a mine of experimental behaviourism.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815) on Kerner's way of treating patients.

A literature research was done on Kerner and mesmerism.

Kerner's first contact with animal magnetism was in 1797, when he was magnetized and healed by Dr. Eberhard Gmelin, one of the first mesmerian doctors in Germany, because of his nervous stomach. With the “Seeress of Prevorst” the author ventured to advance into deep layers of the soul unknown so far. During the years 1826–1829 Justinus Kerner treated Friederike Hauffe (1801–1829), the “Seeress of Prevorst”, at his Weinsberg domicile. In the year 1829 he published the description of her life and disease with the title “The Seeress of Prevorst, being revelations concerning the inner-life of man, and the interdiffusion of a world of spirits in the one we inhabit”.

Kerner was very much influenced by Mesmer and left volumes of psycho-pathological case histories that helped to prepare a way for a medicine more psychotherapeutically founded.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Evidence shows an influence relationship between described symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD) and emotional state.

The current study aimed to evaluate the relationship between anxiety and depression with GERD in the patients referred to the endoscopy unit of Bouali-Sina hospital of Qazvin.

Two hundred individuals (100 patients with GERD and 100 healthy individuals as control group) were enrolled into the current study. All subjects completed the hospital anxiety and depression questionnaire. GERD was diagnosed based on Los Angeles classification system. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in addition to clinical history of subjects were collected and analyzed using proper statistical methods.

Among the recruited patients, 50 subjects had erosive esophagitis (ERD) and 50 had non-erosive esophagitis (NERD). The anxiety score was significantly higher in the NERD group than ERD and control groups (P < 0.001; P = 0.017). In addition, the anxiety score was significantly higher in the ERD group than the control group (P = 0.014). The score of depression was higher in NERD group than ERD and the control groups, but not significant regarding the ERD group (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference among the groups regarding age, gender and body mass index (BMI). The number of smokers was significantly higher in the ERD group than the ERD and control groups (X2 = 39.59, DF = 6, P < 0.001).

The current study showed that mental factors (anxiety and depression) play important roles in the development of GERD, especially NERD; therefore, it is recommended to consider these factors to select suitable treatment plan.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

The national service is a duty for every Tunisian citizen. The knowledge of psychiatric causes of unfitness for military service would enable developing standardized procedures for selecting and psychiatric assessment of young candidates.

Determination of the diagnostic categories, frequency and factors associated with psychiatric causes of unfitness for military service.

This was a retrospective, descriptive study, performed on medical files of candidates examined between the 1st of January and the 31st of December 2015 at the military hospital of Tunis.

Eight hundred and seventy-two subjects were examined as a part of an assessment for mental fitness for military service. They were male, single, with an average age of 23.73 ± 3.5 years. Alcohol was consumed by 17.9% of subjects, cannabis by 12.8% and psychotropic by 4.7%. Fourteen percent had self-mutilation, 8.5% had criminal record and 5.3% had tattoos. Military unfitness was found in 80.8% of cases. The main causes of unfitness were anti-social personality disorder (40.6%), hysterical neurosis (14.9%), adjustment disorders (14.5%) and limited intellectual level (7.5%). The average length of service before found unfit was 9.14 months for anti-social personality, 5.94 months for adjustment disorders and 1.78 months for psychotic disorders. This period was significantly longer for the personality disorders (8.62 months) compared to psychotic disorders (P = 0.013) or to non-psychotic disorders (5.05 months, P < 0.001).

The evaluation on the mental ability of military personnel must be performed at an early date, given the financial, material and human consequences that would result from a delayed diagnosis.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a potentially fatal condition. Hospital-associated VTE leads to more than 25,000 deaths per year in the UK. Therefore identification of at-risk patients is crucial. Psychiatric in-patients have unique factors which may affect their risk of VTE (antipsychotic prescription, restraint) however there are currently no UK guidelines which specifically address VTE risk in this population.

We assessed VTE risk among psychiatric inpatients in Cardiff and Vale university health board, Wales, UK, and whether proformas currently provided for VTE risk assessment were being completed.

All acute adult in-patient and old age psychiatric wards were assessed by a team of medical students and a junior doctor over three days. We used the UK department of health VTE risk assessment tool which was adapted to include factors specific for psychiatric patients. We also assessed if there were concerns about prescribing VTE prophylaxis (compression stockings or anticoagulants), because of a history of self-harm or ligature use.

Of the 145 patients included, 0% had a completed VTE risk assessment form. We found 38.6% to be at an increased risk of VTE and there were concerns about prescribing VTE prophylaxis in 31% of patients.

Our findings suggest that VTE risk assessment is not being carried out on psychiatric wards. Staff education is needed to improve awareness of VTE. Specific guidance for this population is needed due to the presence of unique risk factors in psychiatric in-patients and concerns regarding VTE prophylaxis.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Religious orientation is a tendency to religious thoughts and performances, which contain the attitudes, beliefs and religious practices. Sensation seeking is a personality trait whereby seeking new feelings and experiences, innovative, complex and intense desire for taking physical and social risks.

The purpose of the study is to predict the religious orientation based on emotional intelligence.

The current study utilized Alport's religious orientation questionnaire and Zukerman's sensation seeking questionnaire and applied the correlation method that provides an illustration of anticipating religious orientation. Of all the population of one university in IRAN, 116 participations were selected by using a multistage random sampling method.

The finding indicates that based on the emotional intelligence and its components, religious orientation is predictable.

It is found that a significant positive correlation holds for emotional intelligence with external religious orientation. In addition, it is showed that a significant negative correlation holds for emotional intelligence with internal religious orientation.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

It has been shown that children with a history of abuse tend to have a deficit in both their academic and cognitive abilities. Mesa-Gresa, P., & Moya-Albiol, L. (2011) [1]. This study aimed to identify the relationship between abuse (psychological, neglect, custody and abandonment) and the performance of executive functions of memory of verbal work and inhibition.

The Executive Function battery (Gonzalez, M., & Ostrosky, F., 2012) [2] was applied to 38 preschoolers 4–5 year olds who have experience abuse and to 36 preschoolers who have not. Data was analysed using the test t for independent samples and the Chi-cuadrado from Pearson.

Inhibition was affected in children with psychological abuse and negligence. It means that children presented difficulty in controlling their behaviour. Children victim of abandonment showed lower performance of executive functions of memory of verbal work. Such function allows them to carry on daily activities efficiently. Conversely, children without previous history of abuse showed higher performance in both tests especially in inhibition.

Findings suggest that child abuse in preschoolers can influence the performance in their executive functions without difference in gender.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Akathisia is commonly known for its objective components such as rocking while standing or sitting and lifting feet. However, little is known about its psychiatric impact that can even lead to suicidal attempts.

The aim of this study is to investigate the main psychiatric symptoms associated with akathisia in a Tunisian sample of patients under treatment for Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective or Bipolar Disorder.

Fifteen patients were diagnosed with akathisia using the Barnes Akathisia Scale. Psychiatric symptoms related to akathisia such as mood lability, sadness, anxiety, aggressivity, suicidal ideation, insomnia and social and professional impairment were assessed.

The average age of the sample was 47 years. The average antipsychotic chlorpromazine-equivalent total dosage was 1756 mg. All patients reported at least one psychiatric symptom imputed to akathisia. These were: mood lability (n = 11), inner restlessness (n = 10), anxiety (n = 10), sadness (n = 10), aggressivity (n = 6), and insomnia (n = 12). Eight patients described suicidal ideation and five confessed having committed a suicide attempt. Four and ten said akathisia had professional and social impact respectively. The prevalence of psychiatric symptoms did not differ according to sex, age, diagnosis, illness duration, presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder, the number and types of antipsychotics used, the antipsychotic chlorpromazine-equivalent total dosage or the reported drug compliance.

Psychiatric symptoms resulting from Akathisia remain frequently undetected. Special interest by the clinician is required to elicit these symptoms.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Anxiety and depression is becoming an increasingly important public health issue. The adolescents’ population is among affected seriously.

The objectives of the study was to investigate the level of anxiety, depression and self-esteem among adolescents and explore links between.

Participants were 99 adolescents randomly selected in school, aged between 12 to 19 years (M = 14.88; SD = 2.09); in terms of gender composition, there were girls 41.1% and boys 58.9%. The measures used included the Albanian versions of depression self-rating scale for children, the revised children's manifest anxiety scale, and the rosenberg self-esteem scale. All data has been analysed by SPSS 21 and Excel 2007.

Results showed that clinical significant levels reported 10.3% of participants for anxiety and 22.4% for depression. With low self-esteem scored 16.3% of participants. Self-esteem is significantly negatively correlated only with depression (r = -.433, P < .00). Mann-Whitney Test didn’t found significant differences in anxiety based on self-esteem levels. Mann-Whitney Test found significant differences in depression levels based on levels of self-esteem (Mdlowself-esteem = 15; n = 16; Mdnormalself-esteem = 10; n = 81) as adolescents with low self-esteem had significantly higher depression as compared to adolescents with normal self-esteem (z = -2.876, P < .004).

Findings suggested that self-esteem and depression links are present but not links self-esteem and anxiety. It is important to investigate these relationships in future research aimed identification/interventions programs.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Health care for students in Slovenia was organized immediately after the WWII. It slowly developed and in late 1960's extended with specialist ambulatories, including psychiatric.

Survey of primary psychiatric diagnoses in one school year.

Research of patient's primary psychiatric diagnoses of the school year 2015/2016.

During 1.9.2015–31.8.2016, there were 1126 patients diagnosed in the age group younger than 29 years, while number of diagnoses was 90 (see Table 1).

Most patients were diagnosed with one among anxiety disorders, followed by one of the mood [affective] disorders while the third most common diagnosis was one of schizophrenic spectre. The findings are at least approximately consistent with data elsewhere.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

The author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

Especially medical students set high academic standard, and try hard to achieve because they are requested to studying medicine perfectly. Multidimensional perfectionism scale (MPS) is used to measure perfectionism in medical student. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between stress and various factors including perfectionism.

We enrolled 159 medical students from University of Ulsan college of Medicine. We used the Medical Stress scale (MSS), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(MPS), the patient health questionnaire-9(PHQ-9), the academic motivation scale (AMS), the insomnia severity scale(ISS), and The revised neo personality inventory.

To analyze data, we used Pearson's correlation and logistic regression analysis. In the first step- Pearson's correlation analysis, a motivation, PHQ-9, ISI, perfectionism and neuroticism traits of NEO-PI significantly correlated with stress level (P < 0.001). In the second step, logistic regression analysis indicated that students who feel high level of academic stress (MSS score ≥ 28) are also related to a motivation, insomnia, perfectionism and neuroticism traits of NEO-PI (R2 = 0.389, P < 0.05).

Student who tend to be perfect feel more academic stress. The high level of stress related to insomnia and a motivation in medical student. Moreover, personality trait also can influences their psychological stress level.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Internet addiction can have important consequences in adolescents. Many adolescents have to live apart from their families for their education during high school. Some of these students stay in dormitories. Despite the many studies on Internet addiction, none of them clarify the Internet addiction status and quality of life of dormitory residents.

Our aim in this study was to determine the internet addiction scores of dormitory residents and evaluate whether a difference was present with students who lived at home.

The subject group consisted of randomly chosen dormitory students. The control group consisted of another randomly chosen student at the same class who was staying at home. The sociodemographic data forms the pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL), children's depression inventory (CDI) and internet addiction test (IAT) were administered.

We found lower Internet addiction scores and total psychosocial scores in dormitory students compared to students who lived at home. There was no difference between the groups regarding depression score, physical health total score and quality of life total score.

Our results indicate that dormitory students suffer less from Internet addiction than those staying at home while the quality of life is similar. Staying at a dormitory may be protective against and therapeutic for Internet addiction without decreasing the quality of life and missing school for internet addict adolescents as it makes it more difficult for them to access the internet.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

He income hospital represents a rupture in the continuity of life of the patient. It would be advisable to determine those variables that help to reduce them. Some studies are running to a paper protector of the treatment injection in the relapses and number of hospitalizations.

Compare the risk of decompensation, measured in terms of income hospital or consultations to emergency, between patients to treatment injection versus oral.

He is a descriptive study which assesses the number of hospital admissions and consultations to emergency departments in the period of one year (between September 2015 and September 2016) of a sample of 28 patients registered as TMS and the results are compared with the type used for antipsicotivo treatment via.

We start from a sample of 28 patients, of which 17 are still a treatment intramuscular and 11 have all your guideline prescribed in oral. Patients injection treatment group needed to be admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit at least on one occasionin the past year, 7 patients and 11 patients to oral treatment, only 2 patients wereadmitted and other 2 came once to your referral hospital emergency department.

Of the 17 patients to treatment with injectable ingresason or needed care urgently a 41.18%, facing the 36.36% of those patients to treatment by via oral. These results do not have a protective role of injectable treatment compared with decompensation measures according to need hospitalization or urgent attention.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Personality was shown to play an important role for well being under academic stress. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate how temperament and character traits predict academic burnout in Korean medical students.

One hundred and seventy-eight Korean medical students completed the Cloninger's temperament and character inventory (TCI) at the beginning of semester and Maslach burnout inventory-student survey (MBI-SS) was also measured around the final exam when academic stress and burnout is at the highest. The correlation between TCI and MBI-SS was examined and stepwise regression analysis was performed to measure how well personality traits predict academic burnout level.

The MBI-SS total burnout score was correlated positively with harm-avoidance (r = 0.247, P < 0.05) and negatively with self-directedness (r = -0.296, P < 0.001) and Cooperativeness (r = -0.169, P < 0.05) scores. The regression analysis showed that the harm-avoidance (β = 0.269, P < 0.001) accounted for exhaustion score and the self-directedness explained the Total burnout score (β = -0.296, P < 0.001) and Inefficacy score (β = -0.284, P < 0.001). The Cynicism score was accounted for high Novelty-Seeking (β = 0.150, P < 0.05) and low Cooperativeness (β = -0.182, P < 0.05).

This study showed that the Cloninger's temperament and character might explain the burnout level from the stressful medical education. The temperament of novelty-seeking and harm-avoidance could provide the susceptibility to the academic burnout and the character of self-directedness and cooperativeness might determine the resilience to the negative influence of academic stress.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

behavioral health (BH) agencies have care linkages for youth including juvenile justice (JJ). However, there are few studies on youth care linkages. This study focuses on six sites with the objective of examining BH and JJ staff perceptions about information exchange on screening, assessment and treatment.

We developed an index to quantify BH and JJ staff perceptions of information exchange on youth screening, assessment and treatment. After Informed Consent, staff rated past year interactions from agree to disagree on a 7-point Likert scale. Chi-squares and T-tests were used.

All 64 staff consented 17 (26.5%) BH staff and 47 (73.5%) JJ staff. Significant differences included BH staff were more likely to be licensed (P < .001) and had a masters degree or higher (P = < .01). Professional experience ranged from 9.8 to 15.8 years. However, there were no statistically significant differences. BH staff was somewhat higher from 5.7 for “shared assessment results” to 6.8 for “been easy to talk to” while JJ staff were from 5.1 for “shared screening results” to 6.1 for “treated youth with respect”.

This pilot study found high rates of staffs agreement including ease of talking and listening, sharing screenings and assessments information, and helping begin, continue, and complete treatment. This high agreement was not expected with confidentiality restrictions and traditions. Future studies should target care linkages including letters of agreement, case conferences, and guidelines.

The study is supported by the National Institutes of Health.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Psychiatric symptoms/disorders in brain diseases are not specific and may have the same clinical presentations as functional psychiatric disorders, so they can compromise early diagnosing of disease.

This paper's objective is to show (negative) influence of stigma in a diagnostic process of patients with predominantly psychiatric symptoms in their clinical pictures.

The subject is a 46 year-old female patient with no history of psychiatric disease. Her symptoms includes: confusion, disorientation, perseveration, visual and auditory hallucination, lack of motivation, inability to understand questions, developed following a 10-day long period of febricity. During the outpatient care, she has been examined by a neurologist, a specialist of urgent and internal medicine, and a psychiatrist. As the CT scan made in that stage was interpreted as normal, the patient was hospitalised in a psychiatric hospital. She was treated both with typical and atypical antipsychotics but no therapeutic effects have been reached. Thinking of organic etiology, advanced diagnostics have been made (MR, LP). MR scan showed lesion that is a characteristic for herpetic meningitis, which is also confirmed with positive serological tests.

In patients with a sudden onset of psychiatric symptoms, patients with unexpected changes in mental status or suddenly developed headaches, as in the therapy- resistant psychiatric disorders, it is important to keep in mind the possibility of the coexistence of brain disease. Removing the stigma from psychiatric patients is important in order to be able to give every patient the chance of getting the correct diagnose on time.

The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.