The objective was to establish new diagnostic criteria for undernutrition for the French population, concordant for children aged < 18 years and adults aged < 70 years, easy to use by health professionals, and applicable whatever the situation (in - and outpatients). A multi-disciplinary working and a reading group were involved. The procedure was divided into 4 phases: 1) systematic review and synthesis of the literature; 2) writing of the initial version of the guidelines; 3) reading; 4) finalization. The literature search included international guidelines, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized control trials from January 2007 to July 31, 2018. A two-step approach was selected: diagnosing undernutrition, and then grading its severity. For diagnosis at least one phenotypic criterion associated with at least one etiologic criterion were required for both children and adults. Phenotypic criteria for children were: weight loss, body mass index (BMI) < International Obesity Task Force curve 18.5, weight stagnation, reduction of muscle mass/function; for adults: weight loss, BMI < 18.5, reduction of muscle mass/function. Etiological criteria for children and adults were: reduction in dietary intake, reduced absorption, and hypercatabolism. Phenotypic metrics were used in both children and adults for grading severity (moderate or severe). These new French recommendations integrate the proposals of recent international recommendations combining etiologic with phenotypic criteria, but for the first time, they are concordant for children and adults. The World Health Organization threshold of 18.5 for BMI was kept as phenotypic criteria because epidemiologic data show an increased mortality for that threshold.

Obesity is defined as increased adiposity, which leads to metabolic disease. The growth of adipose tissue depends on its capacity to expand, through hyperplasia or hypertrophy, in order to buffer energy surplus. Also, during the establishment of obesity, adipose tissue expansion reflects adipose lipid metabolism (lipogenesis and/or lipolysis). It is well known that dietary factors can modify lipid metabolism promoting or preventing the development of metabolic abnormalities that concur with obesity.

Trans-palmitoleic acid (TP), a biomarker of dairy consumption, has been associated with reduced adiposity in clinical studies. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the effect of TP over adiposity and lipid metabolism-related genes in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). To fulfil this aim, we fed C57BL/6 mice with a Control or a High Fat diet, added with or without TP (3g/kg diet), during 11 weeks. Body weight and food intake were monitored, fat pads were weighted, histology of visceral adipose tissue was analysed, and lipid metabolism-related gene expression was explored by qPCR. Results show that TP consumption prevented weight gain induced by high fat diet, reduced visceral adipose tissue weight, and adipocyte size, while increasing the expression of lipolytic molecules. In conclusion, we show for the first time that TP influences adipose tissue metabolism, specifically lipolysis, resulting in decreased adiposity and reduced adipocyte size in a DIO mice model.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the mixed evidence of almond consumption on HbA1c stems from testing people with different body fat distributions (BFD) associated with different risks of glucose intolerance. A 6-month RCT in 134 adults was conducted. Participants were randomly assigned to the almond (A) or control (C) group based on their BFD. Those in the almond group consumed 1.5-oz of almonds with their breakfast and as their afternoon snack daily. Those in the control group continued their habitual breakfast and afternoon snack routines. Body weight and composition were measured and blood samples were collected for determination of HbA1c, glycemia and lipemia at 0 and 6-months. Appetite ratings, energy intake, and diet quality were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6-months. Participants consuming almonds ingested 195±87 kcals/day more than participants in the control group (p=0.03), but this did not result in any differences in body weight (A:-0.3±0.4, C:-0.4±0.4; p>0.3). Participants in the almond, high android subcutaneous adiposity (SAT) group had a greater reduction in android fat mass % (A:-1.0±0.6, C:1.1±0.6; p=0.04), preserved android lean mass % (A:0.9±0.6, C:-1±0.6; p=0.04), and tended to decrease android VAT mass (A:-13±53 g, C:127±53 g; p=0.08) compared to those in the control, high SAT group. There were no differences in HbA1c between groups (A:5.4±0.04, C:5.5±0.04; p>0.05). Thus, BFD may not explain the mixed evidence on almond consumption effects on HbA1c. Long-term almond consumption has limited ability to improve cardiometabolic health in those who are overweight and obese but otherwise healthy.

This paper investigates the prevalence and interaction of overweight/obesity-related lifestyles (specifically, examining whether subjects meet the recommended criteria), in a representative sample of university students. This study is part of the project EHU12/24, an observational cross-sectional study, designed to assess the prevalence of excess body fat (BF) and major risk of developing overweight/obesity, according to a standardised protocol. In a cohort of 603 students, aged between 18 and 28 years, of the University of the Basque Country, information about meal patterns, diet quality, physical activity, sitting time, sleeping time, toxic habits and anthropometric measurements were collected. Sampling took place from February 2014 to May 2017. Binary logistic regressions models adjusted for the covariates were utilised to test the association between lifestyles and risk of excess adiposity. The prevalence of overweight/obesity, according to BF percentage was 14·4%. The variables analysed related to meal pattern were associated with diet quality, and less healthy food habits were associated with other less health-related behaviours. Among men, moderate/low physical activity, breakfast skipping, non-adequate breakfast duration, number of eating occasions and eating breakfast alone/depending on the occasion were associated with excess BF; while among women, low MedDietScore, moderate/high alcohol consumption, non-adequate sleep duration, eating breakfast and lunch alone/depending on the occasion. Results suggest that certain unhealthy lifestyle behaviours coexist, interact with one another and increase the risk of overweight/obesity in this population. Sex-specific differences in risk factors of obesity has implications for interventions for primary prevention of obesity within this environment.

While food-based dietary guidelines have been widely disseminated for decades to improve nutritional knowledge in the population about healthy diets, more recent interventions such as front-of-pack labelling have made the differences between the two approaches apparent. While food-based dietary guidelines provide the overarching framework and benchmarks for a healthy diet, based on current knowledge of the associations between various dietary components and health outcomes, front-of-pack labelling provides guidance to select a specific food, either within a food group or among similar foods belonging to various brands. Labelling foods as ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ raises multiple questions on the criteria used to define the terms and the implications of assigning an absolute healthiness value to an individual food in the context of complex diets. Gradual systems may provide more relative assessments and avoid dichotomization. The present article presents the inherent differences and the complementarity of food-based dietary guidelines and food choice guidance in the context of food labelling.

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could indirectly, as well directly, influence metabolic parameters related to health effects in response to selenium (Se) supplementation. This study aimed to investigate whether the selenoprotein SNPs were associated with the response of Se status biomarkers to the Brazil nut consumption in patients using statins, and if the variation in Se homeostasis could affect antioxidant protection, lipid profile, muscle homeostasis, and selenoproteins mRNA. The study was performed in the Ribeirão Preto Medical School University Hospital. Thirty-two patients using statins received one unit of Brazil nut daily for three months. Body composition, blood Se concentrations, erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), creatine kinase (CK) activity, and gene expression of GPX1 and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) were evaluated before and after Brazil nut consumption. The volunteers were genotyped for SNPs in GPX1 (rs1050450) and SELENOP (rs3877899 and rs7579). SNPs in selenoproteins were not associated with plasma and erythrocyte Se, but SNPs in SELENOP influenced the response of erythrocyte GPX activity and CK activity, triglycerides, and LDL after Brazil nut consumption. Also, Brazil nut consumption increased GPX1 mRNA expression only in subjects with rs1050450 CC genotype. SELENOP mRNA expression was significantly lower in subjects with rs7579 GG genotype before and after the intervention. Thus, SNPs in SELENOP could be associated with interindividual differences in Se homeostasis after Brazil nut consumption, emphasizing the involvement of genetic variability in the response to Se consumption toward health maintenance and disease prevention.

In France, dairy products contribute to dietary saturated fat intake, of which reduced consumption is often recommended for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. Epidemiological evidence on the association between dairy consumption and CVD risk remains unclear, suggesting either null or inverse associations. This study aimed to investigate the associations between dairy consumption (overall and specific foods) and CVD risk in a large cohort of French adults. This prospective analysis included participants aged ≥ 18 years from the NutriNet-Santé cohort (2009–2019). Daily dietary intakes were collected using 24h-dietary records. Total dairy, milk, cheese, yogurts, fermented and reduced-fat dairy intakes were investigated. CVD cases (n=1,952) included cerebrovascular (n=878 cases) and coronary heart diseases (CHD, n=1,219 cases). Multivariable Cox models were performed to investigate associations. This analysis included n=104,805 French adults (mean age at baseline 42.8 years (SD 14.6)), mean follow-up 5.5 years (SD 3.0, i.e. 579,155 persons years). There were no significant associations between dairy intakes and total CVD or CHD risks. However, the consumption of at least 160 g/d of fermented dairy (e.g. cheese and yogurts) was associated with a reduced risk of cerebrovascular diseases compared to intakes below 57 g/d (HR=0.81 [0.66-0.98], p-trend=0.01). Despite being a major dietary source of saturated fats, dairy consumption was not associated with CVD or CHD risks in this study. However, fermented dairy was associated with a lower cerebrovascular disease risk. Robust randomized controlled trials are needed to further assess the impact of consuming different dairy foods on CVD risk and potential underlying mechanisms.

There is limited data on the dietary patterns of 5-year-old children in Asia. The study examined childhood dietary patterns and their maternal and child correlates in a multi-ethnic Asian cohort. Based on caregiver-reported one-month quantitative food frequency questionnaires of 777 children from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) cohort, cluster analysis identified two mutually exclusive clusters. Children in the “Unhealthy” cluster (43.9%) consumed more fries, processed meat, biscuits and ice cream, and less fish, fruits and vegetables compared to those in the “Healthy” cluster (56.1%). Children with mothers of lower educational attainment had twice the odds of being assigned to the “Unhealthy” cluster (adjusted OR (95% CI) = 2.19 (1.49-3.24)). Children of Malay and Indian ethnicities had higher odds of being assigned to the “Unhealthy” cluster (adjusted OR = 25.46 (15.40-42.10) and 4.03 (2.68-6.06)) respectively, relative to Chinese ethnicity. In conclusion, this study identified two dietary patterns in children, labelled as the “Unhealthy” and “Healthy” clusters. Mothers’ educational attainment and ethnicity were two correlates that were associated with the children’s assignments to the clusters. These findings can assist in informing health promotion programmes targeted at Asian children.

Dietary recalls have been used previously to identify food sources of iodine in Australian schoolchildren. Dietary assessment can provide information on the relative contributions of individual food groups which can be related to a robust objective measure of daily intake (24hr urinary iodine excretion (UIE)). In Australia, the government has mandated the use of iodised salt in breadmaking to address iodine deficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the dietary intake and food sources of iodine to assess their contribution to iodine excretion (UIE) in a sample of Australian schoolchildren. In 2011-13 UIE was assessed using a single 24-hour urine sample and dietary intake was assessed using one 24-hour dietary recall in a convenience sample of primary schoolchildren from schools in Victoria, Australia. Of the 454 children with a valid recall and urine sample 55% were male (average age 10.1) (1.3(SD) years). Mean (SD) UIE and dietary iodine intake were 108(54) and 172(74) μg/day, respectively. Dietary assessment indicated that bread and milk were the main food sources of iodine, contributing 27% and 25%, respectively, to dietary iodine. Milk but not bread intake was positively associated with UIE. Multiple regression (adjusted for school cluster, age and gender) indicated that for every 100g increase in milk consumption, there was a 3μg/day increase in UIE (β=4.0 (0.9)(SE), P<0.001). In conclusion, both bread and milk were important contributors to dietary iodine intake however consumption of bread was not associated with daily iodine excretion in this group of Australian schoolchildren.

This study evaluated the effects of dietary myo-inositol (MI) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant status and lipid metabolism of juvenile Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) fed different percentage of lipid. Crabs (4.58 ± 0.05 g) were fed four diets including a normal lipid diet (N, containing 7% lipid and 0 mg/kg MI), N with MI supplementation (N+MI, containing 7% lipid and 1600 mg/kg MI), a high lipid diet (H, containing 13% lipid and 0 mg/kg MI) and H with MI supplementation (H+MI, containing 13% lipid and 1600 mg/kg MI) for 8 weeks. The H+MI group showed higher weight gain and specific growth rate than those in the H group. The dietary MI could improve the reduction of whole-body protein content, low MI content in the hepatopancreas, and lipid accumulations in the whole-body, hepatopancreas and muscle as a result of feeding on the high dietary lipid (13%) in crabs. Besides, the crabs fed the H+MI diets increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, but reduced the malondialdehyde content in hepatopancreas compared with those fed the H diets. Moreover, dietary MI enhanced the expression of genes involved in lipid oxidation and exportation, yet reduced lipid absorption and synthesis genes expression in the hepatopancreas of crabs fed the H diet, which might be related to the activation of IP3R/CaMKKβ/AMPK signalling pathway. This study demonstrates that MI could increase lipid utilization and reduce lipid deposition in the hepatopancreas of E. sinensis fed a high lipid diet through IP3R/CaMKKβ/AMPK activation. This work provides new insights into the function of MI in the diet of crustaceans.

Body composition measurement using diagnostic computed tomography (CT) scans has emerged as a method to assess sarcopenia (low muscle mass) in oncology patients. Assessment of skeletal muscle mass (SMM) using the cross-sectional area (CSA) of a single vertebral slice (at lumbar L3) in a CT scan is correlated to whole body skeletal muscle volume. This method is used to assess CT-defined sarcopenia in patients with cancer, with low SMM effecting outcomes. However, as diagnostic scans are based on tumour location, not all include L3. We evaluated the evidence for the use of alternate vertebral CT slices for SMM evaluation when L3 is not available. Five electronic databases were searched from Jan 1996-April 2020 for studies using CT scan vertebral slices above L3 for SM measurement in adults with cancer (solid tumours). Validation with whole body SMM, rationale for the chosen slice, and sarcopenia cut-off values were investigated. Thirty-two studies were included, all retrospective and cross-sectional in design. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar slices were used (from C3-L1), with no validation of whole body SMM using CT scans. Alternate slices were used in lung, and head and neck cancer patients. Sarcopenia cut-off values were reported in 75% of studies, with differing methods, with or without sex-specific values, and a lack of consensus. Current evidence is inadequate to provide definitive recommendations for alternate vertebral slice use for SMM evaluation in cancer patients. Variation in sarcopenia cut-offs warrants more robust investigation, in order for risk stratification to be applied to all patients with cancer.

The present study examined the effects of different temperatures of protein-containing drink after exercise on subsequent gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Twelve healthy young men completed three, one-day trials in a random order. In all trials, the subjects ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 80% of maximum heart rate. In exercise + cold drink (2 °C) and exercise + hot drink (60 °C) trials, the subjects consumed 300 mL of protein-containing drink (0.34 MJ) at 2 °C or 60 °C over a 5-min period after exercise. In the exercise (i.e., no preload) trial, the subjects sat on a chair for 5 min after exercise. Then, the subjects sat on a chair for 30 min to measure their gastric motility with an ultrasound imaging system in all trials. Thereafter, the subjects consumed a test meal until they felt comfortably full. Energy intake in the exercise + hot drink trial was 14 % and 15 % higher than the exercise (P=0.046, 95% CI: 4.010-482.538) trial and exercise + cold drink (P=0.001, 95% CI: 160.089-517.111) trial, respectively. The frequency of the gastric contractions in the exercise + hot drink trial was higher than the exercise (P=0.023) trial and exercise + cold drink (P=0.007) trial. The total frequency of gastric contractions was positively related to energy intake (r=0.386, P=0.022). These findings demonstrate that consuming protein-containing drink after exercise at 60 °C increases energy intake and that this increase may be related to the modulation of the gastric motility.

The retention of human milk fat in nasogastric probes of infusion pumps can be observed during the feed of infants unable to suck at the mother’s breast. The lack of homogenization of human milk could contribute to the fat holding. Therefore, the present study evaluated (i) the influence of homogenization on milk fat retaining in infant feeding probes and (ii) the in vivo effect of the homogenization on lipid absorption by Wistar rats. The animals were fed with human milk treated following two processing conditions, i.e., pasteurized and homogenized-pasteurized. The animals were randomly subdivided into four experimental groups: water-fed (control), pasteurized milk, homogenized-pasteurized milk, and pasteurized-skimmed milk. The results of food consumption, mass body gain, corporate metrics, and plasma blood levels of total cholesterol did not show any difference (p<0.05) among the three types of human milk used in the experiments. The liver, intestine, and intra-abdominal adipose tissue of the four groups of animals presented normal and healthy histology. The composition of fatty acids in the brain tissue of animals fed with homogenized human milk increased when compared with the groups fed with non-homogenized human milk. These values were 11.08% higher for arachidonic acids, 6.59% for docosahexaenoic, and 47.92% for nervous acids. The ingestion of homogenized human milk promoted higher absorption of milk nutrients. Therefore, the addition of the homogenization stage in human milk processing could be an alternative to reduce fat retention in probes and to improve the lipids’ absorption in the body.

This work aimed to evaluate the effects of whey protein concentrate admixtured of curcumin on metabolic control, inflammation and oxidative stress in Wistar rats submitted to exhaustive exercise. A total of 48 male rats were divided into 6 experimental groups (n = 8): standard diet group (AIN-93M); standard diet submitted to exhaustion test group (AIN-93M ET); whey protein concentrate admixtured of curcumin group (WPC + CCM); WPC + CCM submitted to exhaustion test group (WPC + CCM ET); CCM group, and CCM subjected to exhaustion test group (CCM ET). The swimming exhaustion test was performed after 4 weeks of experiment. The consumption of WPC + CCM as well as isolated CCM did not alter the biometric measurements, the animals’ food consumption and the hepatic and kidney function, as well as the protein balance of the animals (p>0.05), but reduced the glycemia and the gene expression of TNF- α and IL-6, and increased the expression of IL-10 (p<0.05). The animals that were submitted to the exhaustion test (AIN-93M ET) showed higher AST values when compared to the animals that did not perform the exercise (AIN-93 M) (p<0.05). WPC + CCM reduced the concentration of nitric oxide, carbonylated protein and increased the concentration of catalase (p<0.05). Both (WPC + CCM and CCM) were able to increase the concentrations of superoxide dismutase (p<0.05). We concluded that the WPC admixtured of CCM represents a strategy capable of decreasing blood glucose and oxidative and inflammatory damage caused by exhaustive physical exercise in swimming.

Obesity is often introduced as one of the metabolic disorders caused by imbalance between energy consumption and metabolisable energy intake. Experts in the field considered obesity as one of the robust risk factors for the life-style associated diseases. The present research examined interventional effects of marine chitosan (CS), swimming training (ST) and combination of CS and ST (CS+ST) in the mice fed with high fat diets (HFD). In this study, sample size was considered more than 3 in groups. Forty mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 8 per group) including control group (received the standard diet), HFD group (received high fat food with 20% fat), HFD+CS group (treated with high fat food with 5% CS), HFD+ST group (treated with high fat diet and ST) and HFD+CS+ST group (treated with high fat food with 5% CS & ST). After 8 weeks the blood glucose, oxidative stress (OS), and lipid profile were measured. Results showed more efficiency of CS+ST in the control of body weight with the increased concentration of HDL-C, OS inhibition via enhancing the body antioxidant capacity in comparison to the ST or CS alone in obese mice. Moreover, lipid profile was improved in CS + ST-treated mice compared with HFD-treated mice, and OS inhibition correlated to the greater activities of the antioxidant enzyme, enhance the lipid oxidation, cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis. The results suggested that a dietary intervention with a combined ST and CS can be a feasible supplementary for human prevention of obesity.

We aim to determine the association between iron status and metabolic syndrome (MetS) during menopause. Records of 1,069 premenopausal and 703 postmenopausal Korean women were retrieved from the database of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V 2012) and analysed. The association between MetS and iron status was performed using multivariable-adjusted analyses, subsequently develop a prediction model for MetS by margin effects. We found that the risk of iron depletion among postmenopausal women was lower than premenopausal women (PR=0.813, 95% CI: 0.668–0.998, p=0.038). The risk of MetS was 2.562-fold lower among premenopausal women with than without iron depletion (PR=0.390, 95% CI: 0.266–0.571, p<0.001). In contrast, the risk of MetS tended to be higher among postmenopausal women with than without iron depletion (PR=1.849, 95% CI: 1.406–2.432, p<0.001). When the serum ferritin levels increased, the risk of the MetS increased in both premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. The margin effects showed that an increase in serum haemoglobin and ferritin was associated with an increase in the risk of MetS according to menopausal status and age group. Therefore, ferritin is the most validated and widely used iron marker, could be a potential clinical value in predicting and monitoring MetS during menopause. Further prospective or longitudinal studies, especially, clinically related studies on menopause and iron status are needed to clarify the causality between serum ferritin levels and MetS that could offer novel treatments for MetS.

Spot urinary polyphenols have potential as a biomarker of polyphenol-rich food intakes. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between spot urinary polyphenols and polyphenol intakes from polyphenol-rich food sources. Young adults (18-24 years old) were recruited into a sub-study of an online intervention aimed at improving diet quality. Participants intake of polyphenols and polyphenol-rich foods were assessed at baseline and 3 months using repeat 24-hour recalls. A spot urine sample was collected at each session, with samples analysed for polyphenol metabolites using liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy. To assess the strength of the relationship between urinary polyphenols and dietary polyphenols, Spearman correlations were used. Linear mixed models further evaluated the relationship between polyphenol intakes and urinary excretion. Total urinary polyphenols and hippuric acid demonstrated moderate correlation with total polyphenol intakes (rs=0.29-0.47). Hippuric acid and caffeic acid were moderately correlated with polyphenols from tea/coffee (rs=0.26-0.46). Using linear mixed models, increases in intakes of total polyphenols or polyphenols from tea/coffee or oil resulted in a greater excretion of hippuric acid. Whereas a negative relationship was observed between soy polyphenols and hippuric acid suggesting that participants that with higher intakes of soy polyphenols had a lower excretion of hippuric acid. Findings suggest that total urinary polyphenols may be a promising biomarker of total polyphenol intakes foods and drinks and that hippuric acid may be a biomarker of total polyphenol intakes and polyphenols from tea/coffee. Caffeic acid warrants further investigation as a potential biomarker of polyphenols from tea/coffee.

Inadequate nutrition during a critical period of development – as is the case during gestation and the first days of life, especially in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants – can impact on neurodevelopment and favour comorbidities. In this study, we evaluate how neurodevelopment may be affected by intrauterine growth (IUGR) restriction and by an inadequate intake of nutritional energy during the early neonatal period. A longitudinal cohort study was conducted to analyse the nutritional contributions received during the first week of life, among a population of 396 VLBW infants. Motor, cognitive, sensory and behavioural development was assessed at 14, 25, 33 and 50 months. The association between IUGR, postnatal energy restriction and neurodevelopment was examined using multivariate logistic regression techniques. Mild cognitive delay was observed in 35.6% of neonates with IUGR and in 24% of those with appropriate birth weight. IUGR is associated with behavioural disorder (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.25 - 5.40) and delayed cognitive development (OR 2.64; 95% CI 1.34 – 5.20). Energy restriction during the first week of life is associated with visual deficiency (OR 2.96; 95% CI 1.26 – 6.84) and cerebral palsy (OR 3.05; CI 95% 1.00 - 9.54). In VLBW infants, IUGR is associated with behavioural disorder, while postnatal energy restriction is significantly associated with motor disorder, infantile cerebral palsy and sensory disorder.

Poor utilization efficiency of carbohydrate always leads to metabolic phenotypes in fish. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in carbohydrate degradation. Whether the intestinal bacteria could alleviate high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) induced metabolic phenotypes in fish remains unknown. Here, a strain affiliated to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was isolated from the intestine of Nile tilapia. A basal diet (CON), high carbohydrate diet (HCD), or HCD supplemented with B. amy SS1 (HCB) was used to feed fish for 10 weeks. The beneficial effects of B. amy SS1 on weight gain and protein accumulation were observed. Fasting glucose and lipid deposition were decreased in the HCB group compared with the HCD group. Highthroughput sequencing showed that the abundance of acetate-producing bacteria was increased in the HCB group relative to the HCD group. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that the concentration of intestinal acetate was increased dramatically in the HCB group compared with that in the HCD group. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was also increased in the intestine and serum of the HCB group. Thus, fish were fed with HCD, HCD supplemented with sodium acetate at 900 mg/kg (HLA), 1800 mg/kg (HMA) or 3600 mg/kg (HHA) diet for 8 weeks, and the HMA and HHA groups mirrored the effects of B. amy SS1. This study revealed that B. amy SS1 could alleviate the metabolic phenotypes caused by HCD by enriching acetate-producing bacteria in fish intestines. Regulating the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites might represent a powerful strategy for fish nutrition modulation and health maintenance in future.

To alleviate the re-emergence of iodine deficiency in New Zealand, two strategies, the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt (2009) and a government-subsidised iodine supplement for breastfeeding women (2010) were introduced. Few studies have investigated mother and infant iodine status during the first postpartum year, this study aimed to describe iodine status of mothers and infants at three, six, twelve months postpartum (3MPP,6MPP,12MPP). Partitioning of iodine excretion between urine and breastmilk of exclusive breastfeeding women at 3MPP was determined. In total 87 mother-infant pairs participated in the study. Maternal and infant spot urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and breastmilk iodine concentration (BMIC) were determined. The percentage of women who took iodine-containing supplements decreased from 46% at 3MPP to 6% at 12MPP. Maternal median UIC (MUIC) at 3MPP [82(46,157)µg/L], 6MPP [85(43,134)µg/L] and 12MPP [95(51,169)µg/L] < 100µg/L. The use of iodine-containing supplements increased MUIC and BMIC only at 3MPP. Median BMIC at all time points were below 75µg/L. Infant MUIC at 3MPP [115(69,182)µg/L] and 6MPP [120(60,196)µg/L] were below 125µg/L. Among exclusive breastfeeding women at 3MPP, an increased partitioning of iodine into breastmilk (highest proportion 60%) was shown at lower iodine intakes, along with a reduced fractional iodine excretion in urine (lowest proportion 40%), indicating a protective mechanism for breastfed infants’ iodine status. In conclusion, this cohort of postpartum women was iodine deficient. Iodine status of their breastfed infants were suboptimal. Lactating women who do not consume iodine rich foods and those who become pregnant again should take iodine-containing supplements.