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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 January 2022

Edited by
R. Joseph Parrott  and
Mark Atwood Lawrence
R. Joseph Parrott
Affiliation:
Ohio State University
Mark Atwood Lawrence
Affiliation:
University of Texas, Austin

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Type
Chapter
Information
The Tricontinental Revolution
Third World Radicalism and the Cold War
 , pp. 353 - 366
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

AAPSO. See Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization
Abdel-Malek, Anour, 17
Abdesselam, Belaïd, 188–189
African National Congress (ANC), 25–26, 120–121, 141, 147, 149–150, 160–161, 337
Cuba and, 153–154
Defiance Campaign, 144–
exceptionalism of, 144–147
guerrilla warfare of, 154–155
liberation by, 147–152
PAC conflict with, 148–150
public relations of, 158
on solidarity, 156–160, 161
at Tricontinental Conference, 153–154
Tricontinentalism and, 161–162
on violence, 152–156, 157–158
Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization (AAPSO), 5–6, 12, 31–32, 46, 63, 82–83, 179, 265–266, 311, 339
first conference of, 199
Latin American leftist movements and, 63–64, 221–222
militancy of, 216–218
Moshi conference, 180–181, 201–202, 206–207
operation of, 197–198
origination of, 62, 75, 120, 216–218
Sino-Soviet competition and, 196–197, 198–199
Tricontinental Conference on, 218
United States on, 223
Afro-Asianism, 163–165, 166, 178–179
in Latin America, 49
Sino-Soviet competition and, 197–205
Algeria, 5–7, 33, 107–108, 163, 199–200, 340
anti-imperialism of, 177–185
Black Panthers in, 186–187
Cuba relations with, 166–177, 185–190
Guevara in, 173–174, 293–294
natural resources of, 188–189
Third Worldism and, 166
United States relations with, 174–175
Algerian war of independence, 103, 163–165, 171, 199–200, 255
All African People’s Conference, 145–146
Allende, Salvador, 76, 81
Alliance for Progress, 286–287
American War, 126–127, 130, 131. See also Vietnam War
analogies, power of, 24–25, 143–144
ANC. See African National Congress
Angola, 24–25, 67, 94, 134, 153–154, 163–165, 168–169, 206–207, 259–260, 304–305, 307–308
Cuba and, 316–322
mercenaries in, 316–322
anti-apartheid movement, 141, 145
anti-authoritarians, West German, 88–89, 91
anti-imperialism, 7–8, 195, 196, 226, 252–253, 266
of Algeria, 177–185
Guevara on, 153–154, 287
socialism linked with, 29–30
of Tricontinentalism, 15–17, 37–38, 77
Westerner support for, 24–25, 88–89, 267–269
Anti-Imperialist League of the Americas (LADLA), 44, 51–52
on Black labor, 56
communist parties and, 51
dissolution of, 59–60
ideological tendencies of, 48–49
on Indigenous peoples, 56
internationalism of, 49–60
origins of, 44, 46, 50–52
Anti-Imperialist Project, 4–5, 9–12, 16, 20–21
global schisms in, 177–185
Tricontinentalism and, 25–32
apartheid, 141. See also anti-apartheid movement
in South Africa, 65–66, 67
Apartheid Committee, 139, 141–
Arafat, Yasser, 31–32, 94, 97–98, 102–104, 106, 169–170
Arbenz Guzmán, Jacobo, 279–282
Argentina, 298–299
armed struggle, 5–6, 15, 21, 72, 73, 153–154
Cabral on, 255
in Cuban revolution, 205–206
Guevara on, 285
Tricontinentalism on, 80–81, 212–213
Asian-African Conference. See Bandung Conference
al-Assad, Hafiz, 104
authoritarianism, 29, 89
Baader-Meinhof Gang, 21, 107–108
Bandung Conference, 2, 5–6, 8–9, 11, 16, 19–20, 44, 46, 59–60, 177–178, 198–199, 219
on decolonization, 30–31
DRV at, 119–120
historical accounts of, 9–12, 48
LAI and, 48
solidarity at, 9–10
Tricontinentalism contrasted with, 2–4, 5–6, 10–12, 62–63
Bandung Conference II, 31–32, 182–184, 196–197, 204–205, 216, 219–220, 223–224, 337–338
China on, 202
preparatory conference for, 202–203
Soviet Union excluded from, 202–203
Barrientos, Rene, 298, 300–301
Baath Party, 28–29
Batista, Fulgencio, 279–280
Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 117, 120–121, 157–158
Bay of Pigs invasion, 61–62, 289–290, 306, 307–309, 310–311, 323
Bayo, Alberto, 282–283
Belgrade Conference, 177–178
Cuba at, 178–179
Ben Barka, Mehdi, 31–32, 63–64, 73, 166, 311
Ben Bella, Ahmed, 63–64, 143–144, 152–153, 166, 171–173, 177, 203, 296–297
on colonialism, 163–165
coup against, 186–187
on Third Worldism, 163
Tito and, 182–183
Berstein, Rusty, 156–157
Black Americans, 245–247, 268–269, 270
OSPAAAL and, 67
Black nationalism, 28–29, 272
Black Panthers, 21
in Algeria, 186–187
Black Power movement, 24–25, 269, 270–271
black radicalism, 29–30
Bolivia, 80–81, 298–299, 301–302
Guevara in, 298–301
Boumédiène, Houari, 33, 171–173, 177, 183–184, 186–187, 203
Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 171–172, 176–177, 183–184
Brandt, Willy, 33–34
Brazil, 5–6
Brezhnev, Leonid, 209–210, 301, 338
BRICS group, 36–37
Brussels Congress, 47–48, 52–53, 55–56, 60
on imperialism, 49–50
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 96–97
Buenos Aires, 58
Bundy, McGeorge, 230–231
Cabo Verde, 249, 250, 252–253, 256–257
independence of, 273–274
Cabral, Amílcar, 12, 21, 31–32, 65, 76, 184, 245–247, 315–316, 334, 335–336
on armed struggle, 255
Cubans and, 261–262, 315–316
death of, 273–274
foreign policy of, 260
as idol, 268–269
on imperialism, 267–268
Marxism of, 247–248, 253
on nationalism, 250–251
Pan-Africanism of, 270–271
on racial identity, 266–273, 321
on racism, 270–271
on re-Africanisation, 250
on revolution, 261–266
on self-determination, 253–254
on socialism, 248, 251–252, 253
on solidarity, 247–248, 250
on Soviet Union, 263–264
on transnational struggle, 256–261
on Tricontinentalism, 263–264, 274–275
youth of, 249
Cambodia, 94
capitalism, 26–27, 132–133, 263
Carlos the Jackal, 189
Castillo, Heberto, 76, 81
Castro, Fidel, 1–2, 31–32, 75, 129, 143–144, 153–154, 161, 163–165, 166, 172–173, 222, 223, 239–240, 288, 301–302, 304
Cabral and, 315–316
on China, 208
on Cuba, 288–289
Guevara and, 278
on mercenaries, 306, 312–313, 323–324
on Soviet Union, 301–302
on Tricontinental Conference, 201–202
CCP. See Chinese Communist Party
Central Intelligence Agency, 235–236, 279–280, 308–309
César Sandino, Augusto, 282–283
Charter of Algiers, 188–189
Che. See Guevara, Che
China, 2–4, 34–35, 36–37, 79. See also Sino-Soviet split
on Bandung II, 202
Castro on, 208
Cuba and, 205–208
DRV and, 116–117
Guevara in, 292–293
India relations with, 202
on PLO, 105
on racial identity, 181, 182
on socialism, 195
at Tricontinental Conference, 208–215, 338
Tricontinentalism supported by, 18–19
Vietnam at war with, 98, 104–105
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 194–195
Chinese Revolution, 194–195
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
Cienfuegos, Osmany, 63–64, 213
Clark, Akporode, 325, 326
class consciousness, 52–53
and nationalism, 17–18, 126, 195, 225–226, 250
and race, 58–59
class struggle, 58–59, 225–226
in DRV, 125–126, 137–138
in Marxism, 137–138
CMEA. See Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
Cold War, 4–5, 7–8, 38, 59–60, 108–109, 330–331
challenges to, 24–25
historiography of, 96–97
ideological stereotypes in, 71–72
NAM and, 72–74
Tricontinentalism in, 18–19
Colombo Powers, 12
colonialism, 25–26, 49–50, 60–61, 120–121, 224–225. See also decolonization; neocolonialism; postcolonial theory
Ben Bella on, 163–165
end of, 120–121
Guevara on, 284–285
Coloured People’s Congress, 145, 152
Comintern, 26–28, 29–30, 50–51, 53–54, 55, 59
united-front approach of, 51–52
communism, 16–17, 26–27, 137, 180–181
factionalism in, 184
Guevara on, 294–295
and internationalism of DRV, 124–136
in Soviet Union, 285–286
in Third World, 137–138, 193, 261–266
after World War II, 193–194
CONCP. See Conferência das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas
Confederation of Latin American Labor Unions (CSLA), 58–59
Conference of Non-Aligned States, 107
Conferência das Organizações Nacionalistas das Colónias Portuguesas (CONCP), 256–257, 272
Congo (Democratic Republic of), 2, 21–24, 153–154, 295–296, 298, 306, 309, 312–316
Guevara in, 314–315
United States involvement with, 31, 313–314, 315
Congress Against Colonial Oppression and Imperialism and for National Independence. See Brussels Congress
Convention against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, 327–328
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 301–302
CSLA. See Confederation of Latin American Labor Unions
Cuba, 5–7, 21–24, 34–36, 46, 52–53
Algeria relations with, 166–177, 185–190
ANC and, 153–154
Angola and, 316–322
at Belgrade Conference, 178–179
Castro on, 288–289
China and, 205–208
FLN on, 171–172
foreign policy of, 240
FRG and, 82–90
GDR and, 82–90
Johnson on, 239
mercenaries and, 306
on NAM, 214, 327
national identity of, 75
PAIGC and, 261–262
racial identity in, 321–322
Sino-Soviet competition and, 205–208
socialism of, 84
solidarity of, with Algeria, 167–168
Soviet Union and, 62–63, 84–85, 201–202, 205–208, 291–292, 310–311, 343–344
at Tricontinental Conference, 208–215
on Tricontinentalism, 79–80
United States relations with, 61–62, 224, 240
Cuban Missile Crisis, 73, 84–85, 163–165, 166, 290–291, 311
Cuban Revolution, 63–64, 73, 74, 205–206, 221–222
armed struggled in, 205–206
Soviet Union on, 206
Cultural Revolution, 237–238
Czechoslovakia, 21–24, 264, 333–334
de Gaulle, Charles, 129–130
Debray, Régis, 283–284
decolonization, 10–12, 15–16, 141, 149, 176–178, 309
Bandung on, 30–31
of Latin America, 279
Portugal and, 273, 316
of South Africa, 146–147, 150–151
Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV), 5–6, 73, 82–83, 113, 193–194
at Bandung Conference, 119–120
China and, 116–117
class struggle in, 137–138
communist internationalism of, 124–136
diplomacy struggle in, 115–124
foreign policy of, 125
France and, 116–117
Geneva accords and, 116–118
international community and, 115–124
Latin America influenced by, 134
PLO influenced by, 134
recognition of, 118
socialism of, 118–119, 122–123
successes of, 138
Third World engagement of, 122–123
United States opposed by, 125–126, 127
Deng Xiaoping, 97, 108–109
détente, 135
disarmament, 203–204, 209–210
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 289
Dominican Republic, 80–81
Dos Santos, Marcelino, 249
Dreke, Victor, 295, 321
DRV. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam
DuBois, W. E. B., 25–26, 29–30, 118–119
Dutschke, Rudi, 88–89
Egypt, 97–98, 184–185, 199, 213
Israel relations with, 98
Egypt-Israeli Peace Treaty, 104–105
Ethiopia, 123–124, 326–327
Fanon, Frantz, 12, 21, 31–32, 73, 247–248, 264–265, 293–295
Farah, Abdulrahim, 139–141, 143, 144, 147, 155–156
Fateh, 169–170, 175–176
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 72
Tricontinental and, 82–90
Fernández, Jose Santiago Cuba, 323
FLN. See Front de Libération Nationale
FNLA. See Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola
Foco Theory, 88–89, 283–284, 299–300, 301–302
France, DRC and, 116–117
Freedom Charter (1955), 145, 146–147, 149–150
FRELIMO. See Frente de Libertação de Moçambique
Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO), 256–257, 316–317
Frente Nacional de Libertação de Angola (FNLA), 257–259, 316–317, 318–319
Frente Revolucionario Democrático (FRD), 308–309
FRG. See Federal Republic of Germany
Front de Libération Nationale (FLN), 143–144, 149, 256, 293–294
on Cuba, 170, 171–172
Mandela on, 151–152
military stylings of, 171–172
G-77, 33, 37–38, 188–189, 327
Gadea, Hilda, 279–280
Gandhi, Mahatma, 28–29, 144–
Garvey, Marcus, 28–29
Gaza, 106, 200–201
GDR. See German Democratic Republic
Geneva accords, DRV in, 116–118
Geneva Convention, 323
Additional Protocols to, 325
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 72
Tricontinental and, 82–90
Ghana, 5–6, 63–64, 148–150, 152–153
Global North
defining, 38
Global South vs., 17
Global South, 14–15
defining, 38
Global North vs., 17
guerrilla warfare in, 276–278
resistance in, 45–
solidarity of, 16, 25–26, 34–35
Western hegemony critiqued by, 163
Gramsci, Antonio, 73
Grand Mosque siege, 101–102
Granma, 60–61, 283–284
Great Leap Forward, 199
Gromyko, Andrei, 203
Guerrero, Xavier, 51–52
guerrilla warfare, 151–152
of ANC, 154–155
in Global South, 276–278
Guevara on, 154–155, 238, 276–278
Mao on, 282–283
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 12, 21, 31–32, 60–61, 65, 73–74, 82, 88–89, 103, 143–144, 174–175, 182, 206–207, 245–247
in Algeria, 173–174, 293–294
on anti-imperialism, 153–154, 287
on armed struggle, 285
assassination of, 80–81
in Bolivia, 298–301
Cabral and, 261–262
Castro and, 278
in China, 292–293
on colonialism, 284–285
on communism, 294–295
in Congo, 314–315
death of, 238–239, 277, 301, 340–341
on economic planning, 286–287
education of, 279
on foreign investment, 286–287
in Guatemala, 279–282
on guerrilla warfare, 154–155, 238, 276–278
on imperialism, 291–292
on internationalism, 284, 302–303
Latin American revolution and, 283–287
legacy of, 301–303
in Mexico City, 282–283
OSPAAAL and, 276–278
on revolution, 73–74, 282
on Soviet Union, 278, 285–286, 288–293
on Third World, 288–293
on United States, 280
on Vietnam, 129
on world revolution, 293–298
Habash, George, 102
Hague Convention, 323
Hallstein Doctrine, 88
Hamas, 106
Hani, Chris, 155, 158–159, 160–161
on Tambo, 155, 158–159
Havana, 75, 84–85, 179–180
Havana Conference. See Tricontinental Conference
Hezbollah, 105–106, 339
Ho Chi Minh, 115–118, 122–123
coup against, 124
nationalism of, 126
Hoare, Mike, 313–314
Huynh Kim Khanh, 136
identity politics, 19–20, 36, 102, 251–252
imperialism, 2–4, 48–49, 81–82, 335–336. See also anti-imperialism
Brussels Congress on, 49–50
Cabral on, 267–268
Guevara on, 291–292
inequality and, 263
Lenin, V. I. on, 49–51, 60–61
mercenarism as, 329
India, 12
China relations with, 202
independence of, 30–31
Indian National Congress, 25–26, 145
indigenous peoples, 54–55
LADLA on, 56
Indochina, 116–117
Indochina War, 115. See also Vietnam War
Indonesia, 5–6
Indo-Pakistani War, 341
International Conference of Solidarity with the Peoples of Southern Africa and the Portuguese Colonies, 265–266
International Court of Justice, 150–151
international law, mercenaries and, 322–329
International Preparatory Committee (IPC) of the Tricontinental, 65–66, 78
International War Crimes Tribunal, 130
internationalism, 52, 136
communist, of DRV, 124–136
Guevara on, 284, 302–303
of LADLA, 49–60
nationalist, 12
in self-determination, 53–54
internationalist fighters, 330–331
in Congo, 312–316
defining, 312–313
solidarity of, 313
Intifada, 106
IPC. See International Preparatory Committee of the Tricontinental
Iran, 36
Iranian revolution, 36, 99–100, 101–102
Iraq, 33
Islam, 36
Islamic Conference of Asia and Africa, 202–203
Islamic Jihad, 105–106
Israel, 97–98
Egypt relations with, 98
Palestine occupied by, 106
Jagan, Cheddi, 81
jihadism, 101
Jim Crow laws, 66–67
Johnson, Lyndon, 131–132, 235–236
on Cuba, 239
on Latin America, 230–231
Junco, Sandalio, 58–59
Kabila, Laurent, 295–296
Kasa-Vubu, Joseph, 314–315
Katanga, 309, 320
Kaunda, Kenneth, 152–153, 155, 158–159
Kennedy, John F., 163–166, 172, 185–186, 286–287, 308–309
Khilafat, 28–29
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 36, 99–100, 108, 339
Khrushchev, Nikita, 172–173, 206–208, 264–265, 290–291
Komer, Robert, 165–166
Korean War, 133
Kosygin, Aleksei, 209–210
Kouyaté, Garan, 29–30, 86–88
LADLA. See Anti-Imperialist League of the Americas
LAI. See League Against Imperialism
Latin American Confederation of Labor, 58
Latin American Solidarity Organization (OLAS), 79, 226, 238, 241
United States on, 238–239, 240
Le Duan, 31–32, 125, 130, 132–133, 137
Marxism of, 126, 127–128
on Soviet Union, 133–134
on United States, 127–128, 131
Le Duc Tho, 125–126
League Against Imperialism (LAI), 15–16, 27–28, 30–31, 44, 67–68, 338–339
Bandung Conference and, 48
foundation of, 47–48, 54
ideological fluidity of, 54
inaugural conference, 48
Lebanese Civil War, 99, 104
Lebanon, 94
Lenin, V. I., 26–27, 73, 193
on imperialism, 49–51, 60–61
Liberation Committee of Organization for African Unity, 149–150, 152, 260–261
El Libertador, 51–52, 53–54, 56–58
Liu Ningyi, 199
Lu Dingyi, 194–195
Luanda Trial, 318, 324–325
Lumumba, Patrice, 261, 309, 313–314
assassination of, 295
Lusaka Manifesto, 155
Luthuli, Albert, 147
Macmillan, Harold, 147
Madhubuti, Haki
Mandela, Nelson, 67, 147, 149–150
on Algeria, 149
arrest of, 150–152
on FLN, 151–152
Mao Zedong, 12, 21, 73, 84, 97, 103, 133, 181, 194–195, 245–247
on guerrilla warfare, 282–283
on Soviet Union, 290–291
Maoism, 18–19, 125, 137–138, 180–181, 225–226, 302
Mariátegui, José Carlos, 58–59, 73
Marxism, 12, 26–28, 62–63, 69, 73, 125, 225–226, 266, 300–301
of Cabral, 247–248, 253
class struggle in, 137–138
of Le Duan, 126, 127–128
in Third World, 102
of Tricontinentalism, 16–17
Massemba-Débat, Alphonse, 174–175
Matthews, Joe, 155, 156–157
Mella, Julio Antonio, 46, 51–52
Mendy, François, 252–253, 259
mercenaries
in Angola, 316–322
Castro on, 306, 312–313, 323–324
in Congo, 312–316
Cuba and, 306
as imperialism, 329
international law and, 322–329
opposition to, 307–308
shifting role of, 308
Tricontinentalism and, 308–311
United Nations on, 326
United States using, 309
Mexican Revolution, 49–50, 52
Middle East. See also specific countries
conflict in, 99–102
violence in, 101–102
Mikoyan, Anastas, 206
militancy. See also armed struggle
of AAPSO, 216–218
of Tricontinentalism, 15, 33–34, 332–333
MNR. See Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario
Monje, Mario, 299–300
Monrovia Group, 34–35
Moore, Richard B., 55–56
Morogoro, 155–157, 160–161
Moshi conference, 201–202, 206–207
Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR), 298, 299–300, 304
Mozambique, 94, 134, 168–169
MPLA. See People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola
Mujahideen, 108, 339
Münzenberg, Willi, 44
NAM. See Non-Aligned Movement
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 31–32, 61–62, 78, 97–98, 102, 177–178, 182, 199, 213, 228–229
National Liberation Front (NLF) of South Vietnam, 158–159
nationalism, 153–154
Black, 28–29
Cabral on, 250–251
fascist, 89
of Ho Chi Minh, 126
of Nkrumah, 145–146
subaltern, 89
Third World, 119–120
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
natural resources
of Algeria, 188–189
nationalization of, 33–34
Nazi Germany, 29
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 27–29, 30–31, 44, 118, 145, 177–178, 195–196
neocolonialism, 2, 70, –153–154, 203–204, 308, 337
opposition to, 15–16
transnational war against, 158
of United States, 309
neo-imperialism, 174–175
neoliberalism, 36–37
Neto, Agostinho, 249, 253, 295–296, 316–317
New Development Bank, 36–37
New International Economic Order (NIEO), 33, 189, 302–303
New Left, 21, 267–268
Ngo Dinh Diem, 117
Nguyen Chi Thanh, 125
NIEO. See New International Economic Order
Nkrumah, Kwame, 21, 32, 63–64, 143–144, 152–153, 177, 228–229, 247–248, 264–265, 336–337
nationalism of, 145–146
Pan-Africanism of, 146–147
NLF. See National Liberation Front
Nokwe, Duma, 156–157
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 8–9, 10–12, 19–20, 46, 71, 120, 152–153, 163–165, 166, 167–168, 182, 196–197, 312, 326–327
Cold War and, 72–74
Cuba on, 214, 327
founding of, 177–178
Tricontinentalism on, 333–334
nonstate movements, in Tricontinentalism, 20–21
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 72, –80–81, 88–89, 129–130, 245
North Vietnam. See Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Nujoma, Sam, 67
Nyerere, Julius, 201–202
OAS. See Organization of American States
OAU. See Organization of African Unity
October Crisis. See Cuban Missile Crisis
October Revolution. See Russian Revolution
OLAS. See Latin American Solidarity Organization
OPEC, 33–34, 189, 341–342
Operation Condor, 302
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 80–81, 123–124, 149–150, 153–154, 260, 314–315. See also Liberation Committee of Organization for African Unity
Organization of American States (OAS), 61–62, 221–222, 227, 232, 323, 336–337
African Americans and, 67
on OSPAAAL, 234
Radio Havana on, 230–231
Organization of Solidarity with the Peoples of Africa, Asia, and Latin America (OSPAAAL), 3, 6–7, 19, 43–44, 68, 84, 213, 236–238, 239, 339
on Black labor, 67–68
constitution of, 79
ephemera of, 345
formation of, 46–48, 60–61, 129–130, 180–181
Guevara and, 276–278
ideological tendencies of, 48–49, 64
leadership of, 62
logo, 70–
OAS on, 234
propaganda arms of, 65
role of, 241
on solidarity, 114–
Tricontinentalism and, 60–68
United States on, 234–235, 240
Ottoman Empire, 25–26
PAC. See Pan-African Conference
Padmore, George, 29–30
PAIGC. See Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde
Pakistan, 101
Palestine, 2, 163–165
Israeli occupation of, 106
Tricontinental Movement support for, 95
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 1–2, 94, 97–98, 106, 107–108, 326, 339
China on, 105
DRV influence on, 134
emergence of, 102
secular nature of, 103–104
Palme, Olof, 273
Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), 146–147
ANC conflict with, 148–150
Pan-African Conference, 25–26
Pan-African Socialism, 145–146
Pan-Africanism, 12–13, 25–26, 29–30, 32, 123–124, 139, 166, 245–247, 254–255, 274–275
of Cabral, 270–271
of Nkrumah, 146–147
solidarity, 260–261
Panama Canal, 55
Pan-Arab movement, 28–29, 97–98, 102
Pan-Asianism, 25–26
Pan-Islamism, 25–26
Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), 245–247, 248, 250, 251–252, 254–255, 256–260, 261, 266, 268, 315–316
Cuba and, 261–262
Soviet Union and, 264–265
support for, 268–269, 271–272
Third Worldism and, 263–264
Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT), 279–280
Partido Nacional, 88
Paz Estenssoro, Victor, 298
peaceful coexistence, 9–10, 31–32, 77, 118–119, 225–226
Chinese opposition to, 133, 178–179, 180–181, 195–196
Soviet Union on, 195, 209–210, 212–213
Peking Review (newspaper), 211
People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), 206–207, 295–296, 317, 322–323, 326–327
Peru, 231
PGT. See Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo
Pham Hung, 125
Pinto de Andrade, Mário, 249
Playa Girón. See Bay of Pigs invasion
PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization
Portugal, 94, 257, 259–260, 265
decolonization and, 273, 316
imperial collapse, 159–160, 255, 256–257, 316–317
postcolonial theory, 94–96
Tricontinental Conference and, 90
Pravda, 209–211, 301
Purna Swaraj, 27–28
racial identity, 29–30, 252–253, 254–255
Cabral on, 266–273, 321
China on, 181, 182
in Cuba, 321–322
solidarity and, 321
in Tricontinentalism, 19–20
racism, 49, 56, 67–68, 144, –223–224, 251–252
Cabral on, 270–271
opposition to, 19–20, 54–55, 56, 271–272
Rashidov, Sharaf, 210, 229
Rebel Armed Forces of Guatemala (FAR), 1–2
Red Cross, 326
religious identity
revolution and, 102
in Third World, 102
violence and, 94
Renmin Ribao (newspaper), 211
revolutions, 105–106. See also specific topics
Cabral on, 261–266
as cultural symbols, 45–
Guevara on, 73–74, 282
nationalist, 249–256
religious identity and, 102
secular, 103–104, 108–109
in Third World, 94, 233, 261–266
Tricontinentalism on, 164, –180–181
world, 113–115, 285, 293–298
Rhodesia, 156–157
Rivera, Diego, 51–53, 118–119
Rivonia Trial, 150–151
Robeson, Paul, 118–119
Rusk, Dean, 223, 227–228, 231, 235, 236–237
on Soviet Union, 232
Russell, Bertrand, 80–81, 130
Russian Revolution, 49–50, 194–195
Cabral on, 263–264
SACP. See South African Communist Party
al-Sadat, Anwar, 61–62, 97–98, 104
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 118–119
Saudi Arabia, 100, 101
SAVAK, 99–100
Savimbi, Joseph, 318
El Sebai, Youssef, 63–64
Second Afro-Asian Conference, 203–205
Second Afro-Asian Summit, 166
segregation, 25–26, 58–59
self-determination, 7, 15, 71, 312–313, 321–322
of Black labor, 58
Cabral on, 253–254
economic (sovereignty), 33, 302–303
internationalism in, 7–8, 53–54
Senghor, Lamine, 27–28, 44, 55–56
Serguera, Jorge, 63–64, 172–173, 174–175
Sharpeville Massacre, 143–144, 147, 149–150
Shijie Zhishi (journal), 211–212
al-Siba’i, Yusuf, 228–229
Simba rebellion, 320
Sinai Interim Agreement, 98
Sino-Soviet split, 63, 64, 77, 78, 82–83, 94–96, 97, 104–105, 122–123, 133–134, 159, 177–178, 180–181, 194–195, 237–238, 333–334, 343
AAPSO and, 196–197, 198–199
Afro-Asianism and, 197–205
Cuba and, 205–208
Sipolio Campaign, 155, 156–157
Six Day War, 213, 340–341
Sixth Pan-African Congress, 20–21
Slovo, Joe, 156–157
Sobukwe, Robert, 146–147, 148–149
socialism, 2–4, 29, 113–115
anti-imperialism linked with, 29–30
Cabral on, 248, 251–252, 253
China on possibility of, 195
of Cuba, 84
of DRV, 118–119, 122–123
modernization under, 5
scientific, 185–186, 264–265
in Third World, 195–196
Tricontinentalism on, 17–18
after World War II, 193–194
Soldier of Fortune (magazine), 319, 321
solidarity, 4–5, 24–25, 34–35, 89–90, 171–172, 179–180, 257–259
ANC on, 156–160, 161
Bandung vision of, 10–12
Cabral on, 247–248, 250, 256–257, 261–262
Cuban-Algerian, 167–168
of Global South, 16, 25–26, 34–35
of internationalist fighters, 313, 315
OSPAAAL on, 114–
Pan-African, 260–261, 321
racial identity and, 321
Third World, 103–104, 108, 166
of Tricontinentalism, 13–14, 15–16, 66–67, 80–81, 144, 235–236, 247–248, 293–294, 330, 337
Western, 90, 158–159, 266–273
South Africa, 6–7, 49, 120–121, 144. See also African National Congress
apartheid in, 65–66, 67
decolonization of, 146–147, 150–151
liberation struggle in, 143
South African Communist Party (SACP), 146–147, 152, 155–156
South African Congress of Trade Unions, 145, 149–150
Soviet Union, 2–4, 5, 132–133. See also Sino-Soviet split
Afghanistan and, 100–101
Bandung Conference II excluding, 202–203
Cabral on, 263–264
Castro on, 301–302
communism in, 285–286
Cuba and, 62–63, 84–85, 201–202, 205–208, 291–292, 310–311, 343–344
on Cuban revolution, 206
Guevara on, 278, 285–286, 288–293
Le Duan on, 133–134
Mao on, 290–291
PAIGC and, 264–265
on peace, 209–210, 212–213
Rusk on, 232
at Tricontinental Conference, 208–215, 338
on Tricontinentalism, 17, 18–19, 82
United States relations with, 96–97, 135
Vietnam and, 211–212
Soviet-Afghan war, 101–102
Subject People’s Conference, 29–30
Suez Canal, nationalization of, 199
Suez Crisis, 31
Sukarno, 31–32, 59–60
Sunni, 100
Syria, 97–98
Tambo, Oliver, 67, 147, 151, 152, 154–155, 158–159, 160–161
Hani and, 155, 158–159
Tanzania (Tanganyika), 201–202
Tet Offensive, 102–103, 131–133
Third World, 2, 4–5, 169–170. See also Global South
autonomy of, 5
communism in, 137–138, 193, 261–266
DRV engagement with, 122–123
Guevara on, 288–293
Marxism in, 102
nationalism, 119–120
nationalist internationalism in, 12
pride movements, 21
religious identity in, 102
revolutions in, 14–25, 94, 134, 233, 261–266
secular left-wing revolutions in, 94
socialism in, 195–196
solidarity, 103–104, 108
United Nations and, 120
United States and, 219–220
Western hegemony challenged by, 336–337
Third Worldism, 113–115, 137–138, 165–166, 332–333, 341–342
Algeria and, 166
Ben Bella on, 163
PAIGC and, 263–264
superpowers and, 214–215
Tito, Josip Broz, 178–179, 181, 193–194, 195–196
Ben Bella and, 182–183
Touré, Sékou, 257, 259, 264–265
Tricontinental (publication), 3, 65
Tricontinental Bulletin, 65, 66–67
Tricontinental Conference, 1–4, 5–6, 14–15, 22–23, 39, 60, 64, 66, 72, 75, 77, 86, 151–152, 159, 166, 168, 177–178, 182–183, 220, 233–234
on AAPSO, 218
ANC at, 153–154
on armed struggle, 212–213
Castro on, 201–202
China at, 208–215, 338
counterproductivity of, 236–241
Cuba at, 208–215
declassified documents of, 76
delegations at, 20–21
emergence of, 46
hosting of, 179–180
Latin American representation at, 187–188, 235–236
objectives of, 335–336, 338–339
organization of, 296–297, 311, 332
postcolonial theory and, 90
practical results of, 224–226
proposals for, 179
Soviet Union at, 208–215, 338
United States on, 216–218, 224–226, 236–241, 343–344
Tricontinental Organization, 79, 88–89, 213, 223–224
Tricontinentalism, 1–2, 4–5, 6–7, 13–14, 68, 74–82, 86–88
allegiances of, 19
ANC and, 161–162
Anti-Imperial Project and, 25–32
anti-imperialism of, 15–17, 37–38, 77
on armed revolution, 80–81
Bandung Conference contrasted with, 62–63
Cabral on, 263–264, 274–275
challenges faced by, 274
China support for, 18–19
in Cold War, 18–19
conflict in, 221–224
Cuba on, 79–80
defining, 38, 43–44, 341
emergence of, 2, 31–32
factionalism and, 184, 343
failures of, 237–238
as framework, 12–13
FRG and, 82–90
GDR and, 82–90
historiography of, 7–14
iconography of, 246
ideological principles of, 72
impact of, 21–24, 344–345
institutionalization of, 184–185
limitations of, 32–39, 343–344
Marxism of, 16–17
mercenaries and, 308–311
militant nature of, 15, 33–34, 332–333
on NAM, 333–334
nonstate movements in, 20–21
OSPAAAL and, 60–68
Palestine support in, 95
political power of, 24–25
racial identity in, 19–20
as rebel movement, 69
reformism vs., 5
on revolutions, 164, –180–181
on socialism, 17–18
solidarity of, 247–248
Soviet Union on, 17, 18–19, 82
support for, 140–
as worldview, 7, 12–13
Trotsky, Leon, 73, 193
Truong Chinh, 121–122, 133–134
Tshombe, Moishe, 182, 309, 313–315
Tunisia, 105–106, 171–172
UF. See United Front
Ulbricht, Walter, 83
uMkhonto weSizwe, 143, 149, 151, 158
UN. See United Nations
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 33, 188–189, 287, 341–342
União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA), 316–317, 318
United Arab Republic, 78, 79, 97–98
United Front (UF), 147–149
United Fruit Company, 55, 280–282
United Nations, 15, 94, 145, 161, 227, 245–247, 312
Additional Protocols of 1977, 327–328
General Assembly, 103–104
on mercenaries, 326
Security Council, 232
Third World and, 120
United States, 5, 49
on AAPSO, 223
Algeria relations with, 174–175
Cabral in, 245
in Congo, 313–314, 315
containment strategies of, 107
counteroffensive of, 227–236, 302, 343–344
Cuba relations with, 61–62, 224, 240
DRV opposition to, 125–126, 127
economic leverage of, 235–236
Guevara on, 280
Le Duan on, 127–128, 131
mercenary force used by, 309
Mexico and, 52–53
neocolonialism of, 309
on OLAS, 238–239, 240
on OSPAAAL, 234–235, 240
Soviet Union relations with, 96–97, 135
Third World and, 219–220
on Tricontinental Conference, 216–218, 224–226, 236–241, 343–344
Uruguay, 88, 230–231
Uzbek Communist Party, 210
Uzbekistan, 229
Venezuela, 33–34
Venezuelan National Liberation Front, 172–173
Verwoerd, Hendrik, 147, 147–149, 155
Viet Cong, 20–21, 128, 131–132
Vietnam, 2, 6–7, 24–25, 35–36. See also Democratic Republic of Vietnam
China at war with, 98, 104–105
Guevara on, 129
Soviet Union and, 211–212
Vietnam War, 102–103, 318, 336
Vietnamese revolution, 136
Vietnamese Worker’s Party (VWP), 116–117, 121–122, 123–124, 132–133
coup, 124
violence, 7
ANC and, 152–156, 157–158
in Middle East, 101–102
religion and, 94
Vivo, Raul Valdes, 306, 318, 321, 323–324
Vorster, John, 155
VWP. See Vietnamese Worker’s Party
Wankie campaign, 155, 156–157
Warsaw Pact, 72–
Weathermen, 302
West Bank, 106
Western hegemony, 26–27, 71
Global South critiquing, 163
Third World challenge to, 336–337
Williams, Robert F., 66
Wilsonian Moment, 28–29
Wolfe, Bertram, 51–52, 54–55
World Council of Churches, 271–272
World Federation of Democratic Youth, 77
World Peace Council (WPC), 63, 118–119, 196–197, 200–201, 213–214
operation of, 197–198
World Trade Organization, 189
World War I, 26–27
World War II, 193–194
WPC. See World Peace Council
Yugoslavia, 184, 205–206, 284–285
Zambia, 36–37, 139, 151, 152–153, 155–156
ZANU. See Zimbabwean African National Union
Zhou Enlai, 131, 198–199, 203
Zimbabwe, 155
Zimbabwean African National Union (ZANU), 174–175

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  • Index
  • Edited by R. Joseph Parrott, Ohio State University, Mark Atwood Lawrence, University of Texas, Austin
  • Book: The Tricontinental Revolution
  • Online publication: 06 January 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009004824.016
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  • Index
  • Edited by R. Joseph Parrott, Ohio State University, Mark Atwood Lawrence, University of Texas, Austin
  • Book: The Tricontinental Revolution
  • Online publication: 06 January 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009004824.016
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  • Index
  • Edited by R. Joseph Parrott, Ohio State University, Mark Atwood Lawrence, University of Texas, Austin
  • Book: The Tricontinental Revolution
  • Online publication: 06 January 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009004824.016
Available formats
×