Introduction

In 1993 when I was writing Product Liability I wanted an example of a risk that was almost unanimously regarded as negligible. I wanted to ask the question of whether a bizarrely remote suspected risk could deprive a defendant of the development risk defence in the 1985 European Directive on Product Liability. My choice has turned out to be an even better illustration of the problems I was highlighting than I imagined. I wrote:

This article is one step in looking at the challenge that bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) and other mass infections of product sectors throw out to the product liability regimes around the world. Certain characteristics make this challenge particularly severe. First, the dangerous infection is not part of the condition of the product which the supplier ‘intended’ in the sense of ‘desired’. Secondly, the dangerous infection is known or suspected to be ‘generic’, that is, potentially it has affected an entire product sector such as the beef industry or the blood product sector. Thirdly, this sector is an ‘essential’ product sector in that it does not have realistic substitutes.