Inflation was one of the most serious economic challenges confronting the developed world between the late 1960s and the 1980s. But it was not the only problem. Exchange rates fluctuated unpredictably after the collapse of Bretton Woods, whilst the banking crisis made a comeback. Economic growth decelerated after the early 1970s, unemployment rose to a post-war peak in the early 1980s, and two oil crises confused policy makers. Macroeconomic theory was in flux as Keynesians fought it out with the monetarists. Each of these developments impinged upon the political or intellectual milieu of central banking. In so far as inflation was a monetary phenomenon, central bankers had to take some of the blame, though they could point out that responsibility for monetary policy was shared with government. In the long run, however, the great inflation provided central banks with more opportunities than threats. All else having failed, monetary policy was called upon to overcome inflation.