Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-12T03:55:43.567Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - The Impact of Gender and Culture in Consumer Behavior

from Section 3 - Cognitive and Social Factors

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 July 2020

Fanny M. Cheung
Affiliation:
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Diane F. Halpern
Affiliation:
Claremont McKenna College, California
Get access

Summary

Extensive research has examined gender differences across various domains, providing evidence on how men and women consume differently. While biological sex has been commonly used in the investigation of gender effects, how gender and culture interactively influence consumption is less known and has recently gained more attention. In this chapter, we review the role of psychological gender in consumption. Specifically, social and cultural factors such as gender roles contribute to shape the individual´s gender identity, in terms of masculinity and femininity, which underlie consumption patterns in a wide range of contexts from information processing and responses to marketing messages to consumption of appearance-enhancing products and gendered brands, gift-giving, and altruistic behavior. We identify significant gaps in the current literature that need greater attention and propose several key areas for future research to further extend our understanding of the influence of gender and culture on consumption.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Suggested Readings

Sharon Ng is Associate Professor of Marketing at Nanyang Business School, Singapore. She is currently the Head of Division for Marketing and International Business. Ng received her PhD from the University of Minnesota. She has published in the top marketing journals, such as Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Consumer Research, and Journal of Consumer Psychology. She was named a MSI Young Scholar by the Marketing Science Institute (USA) in 2009, which selects 30 scholars globally whose work suggests they are potential leaders of the next generation of marketing academics. Ng is the Area Editor of the International Journal of Research in Marketing and sits on the editorial board of Journal of Business Research and Australasian Marketing Journal. She is also the co-editor of the Handbook of culture and consumer behavior published by Oxford University Press in 2015. Growing up in Singapore, she has been always been fascinated by how culture influences people’s behavior. Singapore’s multiculturalism provided an early introduction to the importance of being sensitive to cultural differences and this also shapes her research interest.

Mehak Bharti is a PhD student in Marketing at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Prior to this, she did her MBA and spent four years working in the areas of digital strategy and research. Her research interests lie in understanding online consumer behavior, consumer mindsets, cultural background, and gender. Though originally from India, her experiences of living in different countries like India, France, and Singapore have shaped her understanding of the influence of culture in various aspects of our everyday life and behavior.

Natalie Truong Faust is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at NOVA School of Business and Economics, Portugal. She received her PhD in Marketing from the Norwegian School of Economics and was a postdoctoral research fellow at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Her work focuses on consumer behavior, in which her main topics of investigation include beauty/aesthetics, gender, and implicit theories. Originally from Vietnam, Natalie’s experience of living in different cultures has provided much insight into how cultural factors contribute to shaping gendered meaning across various consumption contexts.

Durante, K. M., Griskevicius, V., Hill, S. E., Perilloux, C., & Li, N. P. (2010). Ovulation, female competition, and product choice: Hormonal influences on consumer behaviorJournal of Consumer Research37(6), 921934. doi:10.1086/656575Google Scholar
Fischer, E., & Arnold, S. J. (1990). More than a labor of love: Gender roles and Christmas gift shoppingJournal of Consumer Research17(3), 333345. doi:10.1086/208561Google Scholar
Fisher, R. J., & Dubé, L. (2005). Gender differences in responses to emotional advertising: A social desirability perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 850858. doi:10.1086/426621Google Scholar
Grau, S. L., & Zotos, Y. C. (2016). Gender stereotypes in advertising: A review of current research. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 761770. doi:10.1080/02650487.2016.1203556Google Scholar
Grohmann, B. (2009). Gender dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(1), 105119. doi:10.1509/jmkr.46.1.105Google Scholar
Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies aheadJournal of Consumer Psychology25(1), 129149. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003Google Scholar
Putervu, S., Gentry, J. W., & Fischer, E. (2001). Exploring the origins and information processing differences between men and women: Implications for advertisers. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2001(10). www.amsreview.org/articles/putervu10-2001.pdfGoogle Scholar
Winterich, K. P., Mittal, V., & Ross, W. T. Jr. (2009). Donation behavior toward in-groups and out-groups: The role of gender and moral identity. Journal of Consumer Research36(2), 199214. doi:10.1086/596720Google Scholar

References

Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347356. doi:10.1177/002224379703400304Google Scholar
Abrams, D., Sparkes, K., & Hogg, M. A. (1985). Gender salience and social identity: The impact of sex of siblings on educational and occupational aspirations. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 55(3), 224232. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1985.tb02627.xGoogle Scholar
Åkestam, N., Rosengren, S., & Dahlen, M. (2017). Advertising “like a girl”: Toward a better understanding of “femvertising” and its effects. Psychology & Marketing, 34(8), 795806. doi:10.1002/mar.21023Google Scholar
Arrindell, W. A., Steptoe, A., & Wardle, J. (2003). Higher levels of state depression in masculine than in feminine nationsBehaviour Research and Therapy41(7), 809817. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(02)00185-7Google Scholar
Bahadur, N. (2014). Dove “Real Beauty” campaign turns 10: How a brand tried to change the conversation about female beauty. www.huffpost.com/entry/dove-real-beauty-campaign-turns-10_n_4575940Google Scholar
Baldassare, M., & Katz, C. (1992). The personal threat of environmental problems as predictor of environmental practicesEnvironment and Behavior24(5), 602616. doi:10.1177/0013916592245002Google Scholar
Barone, M. J., & Roy, T. (2010). Does exclusivity always pay off? Exclusive price promotions and consumer response. Journal of Marketing, 74(2), 121132. doi:10.1509/jm.74.2.121Google Scholar
Baumeister, R. F., & Twenge, J. M. (2002). Cultural suppression of female sexuality. Review of General Psychology, 6 (2), 166203. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.166Google Scholar
Baxter, S. M., Kulczynski, A., & Ilicic, J. (2016). Ads aimed at dads: Exploring consumers’ reactions towards advertising that conforms and challenges traditional gender role ideologies. International Journal of Advertising, 35(6), 970982. doi:10.1080/02650487.2015.1077605Google Scholar
Bay-cheng, L.Y., & Zucker, A. N. (2007). Feminism between the sheets: Sexual attitudes among feminists, nonfeminists, and egalitarians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31(2), 157163. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00349.xGoogle Scholar
Belk, R. W. (1975). Situational variables and consumer behaviorJournal of Consumer Research2(3), 157164. doi:10.1086/208627Google Scholar
Belk, R. W., & Coon, G. S. (1993). Gift giving as agapic love: An alternative to the exchange paradigm based on dating experiencesJournal of Consumer Research20(3), 393417. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.10.001Google Scholar
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgynyJournal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155162. doi:10.1037/h0036215Google Scholar
Berney-Reddish, I. A., & Areni, C. S. (2006). Sex differences in responses to probability markers in advertising claims. Journal of Advertising, 35(2), 716. doi:10.1080/00913367.2006.10639228Google Scholar
Bloch, P. H., & Richins, M. L. (1992). You look “mahvelous”: The pursuit of beauty and the marketing conceptPsychology & Marketing9(1), 315. doi:10.1002/mar.4220090103Google Scholar
Borgerson, J. L., Schroeder, J. E., Blomberg, B., & Thorssén, E. (2006). The gay family in the ad: Consumer responses to non-traditional families in marketing communications. Journal of Marketing Management, 22(9–10), 955978. doi:10.1362/026725706778935646Google Scholar
Bristor, J. M., & Fischer, E. (1993). Feminist thought: Implications for consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(4), 518536. doi:10.1086/209320Google Scholar
Brunel, F. F., & Nelson, M. R. (2000). Explaining gendered responses to “help-self” and “help-others” charity ad appeals: The mediating role of world-viewsJournal of Advertising29(3), 1528. doi:10.1080/00913367.2000.10673614Google Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1994). The evolution of desire: Strategies of human matingNew York: Basic BooksGoogle Scholar
Buss, D. M. (1998). Sexual strategies theory: Historical origins and current status. Journal of Sex Research, 35(1), 1931. doi:10.1080/00224499809551914Google Scholar
Caplan, P. J., Crawford, M., Hyde, J. S., & Richardson, J. T. E. (1997). Gender differences in human cognition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, C. (2006). Cultural masculinity/femininity influences on advertising appeals. Journal of Advertising Research, 46(3), 315323. doi:10.2501/S0021849906060296Google Scholar
Choi, H., Yoo, K., Reichert, T., & LaTour, M. S. (2016). Do feminists still respond negatively to female nudity in advertising? Investigating the influence of feminist attitudes on reactions to sexual appeals. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 823845. doi:10.1080/02650487.2016.1151851Google Scholar
Chu, K., Lee, D., & Kim, J. Y. (2016). The effect of non-stereotypical gender role advertising on consumer evaluation. International Journal of Advertising, 35(1), 106134. doi:10.1080/02650487.2015.1110942Google Scholar
Clarke, K., & Belk, R. W. (1979). The effects of product involvement and task definition on anticipated consumer effort. In Wilkie, W. L. (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 6, pp. 313318). Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Consumer Research. http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/9220/volumes/v06/NA-06Google Scholar
Cleveland, M., Babin, B. J., Laroche, M., Ward, P., & Bergeron, J. (2003). Information search patterns for gift purchases: A cross‐national examination of gender differencesJournal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review3(1), 2047. doi:10.1002/cb.120Google Scholar
Costa, P. T. Jr., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findingsJournal of Personality and Social Psychology81(2), 322331. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322Google Scholar
Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (1993). The psychology of gender. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Dahl, D. W., Sengupta, J., & Vohs, K. D. (2009). Sex in advertising: Gender differences and the role of relationship commitment. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(2), 215231. doi:10.1086/597158Google Scholar
Davis, K. (2013). Reshaping the female body: The dilemma of cosmetic surgery. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
De Meulenaer, S., Dens, N., De Pelsmacker, P., & Eisend, M. (2018). How consumers’ values influence responses to male and female gender role stereotyping in advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 37(6), 893913. doi:10.1080/02650487.2017.1354657Google Scholar
Diekman, A. B, & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(19), 11711188. doi:10.1177/0146167200262001Google Scholar
Donnelly, K., & Twenge, J. M. (2017). Masculine and feminine traits on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, 1993–2012: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Sex Roles, 76(9–10), 556565. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0625-yGoogle Scholar
Durante, K. M., Griskevicius, V., Hill, S. E., Perilloux, C., & Li, N. P. (2010). Ovulation, female competition, and product choice: Hormonal influences on consumer behaviorJournal of Consumer Research37(6), 921934. doi:10.1086/656575Google Scholar
Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A word from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267285. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2013). The nature–nurture debates: 25 years of challenges in understanding the psychology of gender. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 340357. doi:10.1177/1745691613484767Google Scholar
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In Eckes, T. & Trautner, H. M. (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123176). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Eisend, M. (2010). A meta-analysis of gender roles in advertising. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38(4), 418440. doi:10.1007/s11747-009-0181-xGoogle Scholar
Eisend, M., Plagemann, J., & Sollwedel, J. (2014). Gender roles and humor in advertising: The occurrence of stereotyping in humorous and nonhumorous advertising and its consequences for advertising effectiveness. Journal of Advertising, 43(3), 256273. doi:10.1080/00913367.2013.857621Google Scholar
Feiereisen, S., Broderick, A. J., & Douglas, S. P. (2009). The effect and moderation of gender identity congruity: Utilizing “real women” advertising images. Psychology & Marketing, 26(9), 813843. doi:10.1002/mar.20301Google Scholar
Fischer, E., & Arnold, S. J. (1990). More than a labor of love: Gender roles and Christmas gift shoppingJournal of Consumer Research17(3), 333345. doi:10.1086/208561Google Scholar
Fischer, E., & Arnold, S. J. (1994). Sex, gender identity, gender role attitudes, and consumer behavior. Psychology & Marketing 11(2), 163182. doi:10.1002/mar.4220110206Google Scholar
Fisher, R. J., & Dubé, L. (2005). Gender differences in responses to emotional advertising: A social desirability perspective. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 850858. doi:10.1086/426621Google Scholar
Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer researchJournal of Consumer Research24(4), 343373. doi:10.1086/209515Google Scholar
Freeman, J. B. & Ambady, N. (2010). MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method. Behavior Research Methods, 42(1), 226241. doi:10.3758/BRM.42.1.226Google Scholar
Fry, J. N. (1971). Personality variables and cigarette brand choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 8(3), 298304. doi:10.1177/002224377100800303Google Scholar
GillR., & Arthurs, J. (2006). Editors’ introduction: New femininities? Feminist Media Studies6(4), 443451. doi:10.1080/14680770600989855Google Scholar
Gill, R., Henwood, K., & McLean, C. (2005). Body projects and the regulation of normative masculinityBody & Society11(1), 3762. doi:10.1177/1357034X05049849Google Scholar
Gill, S., Stockard, J., Johnson, M., & Williams, S. (1987). Measuring gender differences: The expressive dimension and critique of androgyny scales. Sex Roles, 17(7–8), 375400. doi:10.1007/BF00288142Google Scholar
Grau, S. L., & Zotos, Y. C. (2016). Gender stereotypes in advertising: A review of current research. International Journal of Advertising, 35(5), 761770. doi:10.1080/02650487.2016.1203556Google Scholar
Greenward, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 14641480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464Google Scholar
Grohmann, B. (2009). Gender dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 46(1), 105119. doi:10.1509/jmkr.46.1.105Google Scholar
Guimond, S., Chatard, A., Martinot, D., Crisp, R. J., & Redersdorff, S. (2006). Social comparison, self-stereotyping, and gender differences in self-construalsJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(2), 221242. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.221Google Scholar
HallC. C., & Crum., M. J. (1994). Women and “body-isms” in television beer commercials. Sex Roles31(5–6), 329337. doi:10.1007/BF01544592Google Scholar
He, X., Inman, J. J., & Mittal, V. (2008). Gender jeopardy in financial risk taking. Journal of Marketing Research, 45(4), 414424. doi:10.1509/jmkr.45.4.414Google Scholar
Hill, S. E., Rodeheffer, C. D., Griskevicius, V., Durante, K., & White, A. E. (2012). Boosting beauty in an economic decline: Mating, spending, and the lipstick effectJournal of Personality and Social Psychology103(2), 275291. doi:10.1037/a0028657Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizationsInternational Studies of Management & Organization10(4), 1541. doi:10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300Google Scholar
Hofstede, G. (1998). Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimension of national cultures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Holbrook, M. (1986). Aims, concepts, and methods for the representation of individual differences in esthetics responses to design features. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(3), 337347. doi:10.1086/209073Google Scholar
HoltD., & Cameron, D. (2010). Cultural strategy: Using innovative ideologies to build breakthrough brandsOxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Johar, G. V., Moreau, P., & Schwarz, N. (2003). Gender typed advertisements and impression formation: The role of chronic and temporary accessibility. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(3), 220229. doi:10.1207/S15327663JCP1303_04Google Scholar
Johnson, R. D. (1990). Examination of the construct validity of the Expectations About Counseling questionnaire – Brief form for rural counseling applicants. Doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1989.Google Scholar
Johnson, T., Kulesa, P., Cho, Y. I., & Shavitt, S. (2005). The relation between culture and response styles: Evidence from 19 countriesJournal of Cross-Cultural Psychology36(2), 264277. doi:10.1177/0022022104272905Google Scholar
Kahle, L. R., & Homer, P. (1985). Androgyny and midday mastication: Do real men eat quiche? In Hirschman, E. C. & Holbrook, M. B. (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol.12, pp. 242246). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research. http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/6392/volumes/v12/NA-12Google Scholar
Keller, E. F. (1983). Feminism and science. In Abel, E. & Abel, E. (Eds.), The signs reader: Women, gender and scholarship (pp. 109122). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kemp, E., Kennett-Hensel, P. A., & Kees, J. (2013). Pulling on the heartstrings: Examining the effects of emotions and gender in persuasive appealsJournal of Advertising42(1), 6979. doi:10.1080/00913367.2012.749084Google Scholar
Klink, R. R. (2000). Creating brand names with meaning: The use of sound symbolism. Marketing Letters, 11(1), 520. doi:10.1023/A:1008184423824Google Scholar
Klink, R. R. (2009). Gender differences in new brand name response. Marketing Letters, 20(3), 313326. doi:10.1007/s11002-008-9066-x.Google Scholar
Kray, L. J., Howland, L., Russell, A. G., & Jackman, L. M. (2017). The effects of implicit gender role theories on gender system justification: Fixed beliefs strengthen masculinity to preserve the status quoJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(1), 98115. doi:10.1037/pspp0000124Google Scholar
Lerner, G. (1986). The creation of patriarchy (Vol. 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lieven, T., Grohmann, B., Herrmann, A., Landwehr, J. R., & Tilburg, M. V. (2015). The effect of brand design on brand gender perceptions and brand preference. European Journal of Marketing, 49(1/2), 146169. doi:10.1108/EJM-08-2012-0456Google Scholar
Liffreing, I. (2017). For the first time, Dove brings women from all over the world together in update to “Real Beauty” campaign. www.prweek.com/article/1426264/first-time-dove-brings-women-world-together-update-real-beauty-campaignGoogle Scholar
MacKay, N. J., & Covell, K. (1997). The impact of women in advertisements on attitudes toward womenSex Roles36(9–10), 573583. doi:10.1023/A:1025613923786Google Scholar
Maglaty, J. (2011). When did girls start wearing pink? Smithsonian.com. www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/when-did-girls-start-wearing-pink-1370097/Google Scholar
MansteadA. S. R., & McCulloch, R. (1981). Sex-role stereotyping in British television advertisementsBritish Journal of Social Psychology20(3), 171180. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00529.xGoogle Scholar
Markus, H., & Oyserman, D. (1989). Gender and thought: The role of the self-concept. In Crawford, M. & Gentry, M. (Eds.), Gender and thought: Psychological perspectives (pp. 100127). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Martin, B. A. S, & Gnoth, J. (2009). Is the Marlboro man the only alternative? The role of gender identity and self-construal salience in evaluations of male models. Marketing Letters, 20(4), 353367. doi:10.1007/s11002-009-9069-2Google Scholar
Martin, C. L. (1990). Attitudes and expectations about children with nontraditional and traditional gender roles. Sex Roles, 22(3–4), 151165. doi:10.1007/BF00288188Google Scholar
Meyers-Levy, J. (1988). Influence of sex roles on judgment. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(4), 522530. doi:10.1086/209133Google Scholar
Meyers-Levy, J. (1989). Gender differences in information processing: A selectivity interpretation. In Cafferata, P. & Tybout, A. (Eds.), Cognitive and affective responses to advertising (pp. 219260). Lexington, MA: Lexington.Google Scholar
Meyers-Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015). Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies aheadJournal of Consumer Psychology25(1), 129149. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003Google Scholar
Meyers-Levy, J., & Maheswaran, D. (1991). Exploring differences in males’ and females’ processing strategy. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(1), 6370. doi:10.1086/209241Google Scholar
Meyers-Levy, J., & Sternthal, B. (1991). Gender differences in the use of message cues and judgments. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(1), 8496. doi:10.1177/002224379102800107Google Scholar
Meyers-Levy, J., & Zhu, R. (2010). Gender differences in the meanings consumers infer from music and other aesthetic stimuli. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(4), 495507. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.06.006Google Scholar
Milner, L. M., & Collins, J. M. (2000). Sex-role portrayals and the gender of nations. Journal of Advertising, 29(1), 6779. doi:10.1080/00913367.2000.10673604Google Scholar
Mitchell, V. W., & Walsh, G. (2004). Gender differences in German consumer decision‐making stylesJournal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review3(4), 331346. doi:10.1002/cb.146Google Scholar
Morrison, M. M., & Shaffer, D. R. (2003). Gender-role congruence and self-referencing as determinants of advertising effectiveness. Sex Roles, 49(5–6), 265275. doi:10.1023/A:1024604424224Google Scholar
Morton, E. S. (1994). Sound symbolism and its role in non-human vertebrate communication. In Hinton, L., Nicholls, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 348365). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
NosekB. A., SmythF. L., SriramN., LindnerN. M.Devos, T.AyalaA., … Greenwald, A. G. (2009). National differences in gender–science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America106(26), 10,59310,597. doi:10.1073/pnas.0809921106Google Scholar
Noseworthy, T. J., Cotte, J., & Lee, S. H. (2011). The effects of ad context and gender on the identification of visually incongruent products. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(2), 358375. doi:10.1086/658472Google Scholar
Oakenfull, G. (2012). Gay consumers and brand usage: The gender-flexing role of gay identity. Psychology & Marketing, 29(12), 968979. doi:10.1002/mar.20578Google Scholar
O’Donnell, K. (1999). Good girls gone bad: The consumption of fetish fashion and the sexual empowerment of women.  In Arnould, E. J. & Scott, L. M. (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 26, pp. 184189). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research. http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/8245/volumes/v26/NA-26Google Scholar
Ohala, J. J. (1994). The frequency code underlies the sound symbolic use of voice pitch. In Hinton, L., Nichols, J., & Ohala, J. J. (Eds.), Sound symbolism (pp. 325347). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Orth, U. R., & Holancova, D. (2004). Men’s and women’s responses to sex role portrayals in advertisements. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(1), 7788. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2003.05.003Google Scholar
Oyserman, D. (1993). The lens of personhood: Viewing the self and others in a multicultural societyJournal of Personality and Social Psychology65(5), 9931009. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.5.993Google Scholar
PaechterC. (2006). Femininities and schooling. In Skelton, C., Francis, B., & Smulyan, L. (Eds.), The Sage handbook of gender and education (pp. 365377). New YorkSage.Google Scholar
Palan, K. M. (2001). Gender identity in consumer behavior research: A literature review and research agenda. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2001(10), 124. www.amsreview.org/articles/palan10-2001.pdfGoogle Scholar
Park, S. Y. (1998). A comparison of Korean and American gift‐giving behaviorsPsychology & Marketing15(6), 577593. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6793(199809)15:6<577::AID-MAR6>3.0.CO;2-3Google Scholar
Peña, M., Mehler, J., & Nespor, M. (2011). The role of audiovisual processing in early conceptual developmentPsychological Science, 22(11), 14191421. doi:10.1177/0956797611421791Google Scholar
Phillip, M. V., & Suri, R. (2004). Impact of gender differences on the evaluation of promotional emails. Journal of Advertising Research, 44(4), 360368. doi:10.1017/S0021849904040383Google Scholar
PollayR. W. (1986). The distorted mirror: Reflections on the unintended consequences of advertisingJournal of Marketing50(2), 1836. doi:10.1177/002224298605000202Google Scholar
Putervu, S. (2004). Communicating with the sexes: Male and female responses to print advertisements. Journal of Advertising, 33(3), 5162. doi:10.1080/00913367.2004.10639168Google Scholar
Putervu, S., Gentry, J. W., & Fischer, E. (2001). Exploring the origins and information processing differences between men and women: Implications for advertisers. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2001(10). www.amsreview.org/articles/putervu10-2001.pdfGoogle Scholar
Qian, W., Abdur Razzaque, M., & Ah Keng, K. (2007). Chinese cultural values and gift-giving behaviorJournal of Consumer Marketing24(4), 214228. doi:10.1108/07363760710756002Google Scholar
Reichert, T., & Carpenter, C. (2004). An update on sex in magazine advertising: 1983 to 2003. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81(4), 823837. doi:10.1177/107769900408100407Google Scholar
Richard, M. O., Chebat, J. C., Yang, Z., & Putervu, S. (2010). A proposed model of online consumer behavior: Assessing the role of gender. Journal of Business Research, 63(9), 926934. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.02.027Google Scholar
Ritterfeld, L. J. (2017). Gendered products. raffia-magazine.com/2017/12/01/gendered-products/Google Scholar
Röder, S., Brewer, G., & Fink, B. (2009). Menstrual cycle shifts in women’s self-perception and motivation: A daily report methodPersonality and Individual Differences47(6), 616619. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.05.019Google Scholar
RohlingerD. A. (2002). Eroticizing men: Cultural influences on advertising and male objectificationSex Roles, 46(3–4), 6174. doi:10.1023/A:1016575909173Google Scholar
Rook, D. W., & Hoch, S. J. (1985). Consuming impulses. In Hirschman, E. C. & Holbrook, M. B. (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 12, pp. 2327). Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research. http://acrwebsite.org/volumes/6351/volumes/v12/NA-12Google Scholar
RossiS. R., & Rossi, J. S. (1985). Gender differences in the perception of women in magazine advertisingSex Roles, 12(9–10), 10331039. doi:10.1007/BF0028810Google Scholar
Rudman, L. A., & Kilianski, S. E. (2000). Implicit and explicit attitudes toward female authority. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(11), 13151328. doi:10.1177/0146167200263001Google Scholar
Rydell, R. J., Hugenberg, K., Ray, D., & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Implicit theories about groups and stereotyping: The role of group entitativity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(4), 549558. doi:10.1177/0146167206296956Google Scholar
Saad, G., & Stenstrom, E. (2012). Calories, beauty, and ovulation: The effects of the menstrual cycle on food and appearance-related consumptionJournal of Consumer Psychology22(1), 102113. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.10.001Google Scholar
SchroederJ. E., & Borgerson, J. (2003). Dark desires: Fetishism, ontology and representation in contemporary advertising. In Reichert, T. & Lambiase, J. (Eds.), Sex in advertising: Perspectives on the erotic appeal (pp. 6589). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Schwartz, P., & Rutter, V. E. (1998). The gender of sexuality. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.Google Scholar
Seidlitz, L., & Diener, E. (1998). Sex differences in the recall of affective experiencesJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 262271. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.262Google Scholar
Shrum, L. J., Lowrey, T. M., Luna, D., Lerman, D. B., & Liu, M. (2012). Sound symbolism effects across languages: Implications for global brand names. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29(3), 275279. doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.03.002Google Scholar
Silverman, I., Phillips, K., & Silverman, L. K. (1996). Homogeneity of effect sizes for sex across spatial tests and cultures: Implications for hormonal theoriesBrain Cognition, 31(1), 9094. doi:10.1006/brcg.1996.0027Google Scholar
Silverstein, M. J., & Sayre, K. (2009). The female economyHarvard Business Review87(9), 4653. hbr.org/2009/09/the-female-economyGoogle Scholar
Sirgy, J. M. (1982). Self-concept in consumer behavior: A critical review. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(3), 287300. doi:10.1086/208924Google Scholar
Sirgy, J. M. (1985). Using self-congruity and ideal congruity to predict purchase motivationJournal of Business Research, 13(3), 195206. doi:10.1016/0148-2963(85)90026-8Google Scholar
Stern, B. B. (1988). Sex‐role self‐concept measures and marketing: A research notePsychology & Marketing5(1), 8599. doi:10.1002/mar.4220050107Google Scholar
Swaminathan, V., Page, K. L., & Gürhan‐Canli, Z. (2007). Added ‘my’ brand or ‘our’ brand: The effects of brand relationship dimensions and self-construal on brand. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(2), 248259. doi:10.1086/518539Google Scholar
Trivers, R. L. (1972). Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell, B. (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871–1971 (pp. 136179). Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Uray, N., & Burnaz, S. (2003). An analysis of the portrayal of gender roles in Turkish television advertisement. Sex Roles, 48(1–2), 7787. doi:10.1023/A:1022348813469Google Scholar
Verhellen, Y., Dens, N., & De Pelsmacker, P. (2016). A longitudinal content analysis of gender role portrayal in Belgian television advertising. Journal of Marketing Communications, 22(2), 170188. doi:10.1080/13527266.2013.871321Google Scholar
Wheeler, S. C., & Omair, A. (2016). Potential growth areas for implicit theories research. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 26(1), 137141. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.008Google Scholar
Wiggins, J. S. (1982). Circumplex models of interpersonal behavior in clinical psychology. In Kendall, P. & Butcher, J. (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in clinical psychology (pp. 183221). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Winterich, K. P., Carter, R. E., Barone, M. J., Janakiraman, R., & Bezawada, R. (2015). Tis better to give than receive? How and when gender and residence-based segments predict choice of donation- versus discount-based promotionsJournal of Consumer Psychology25(4), 622634. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.12.006Google Scholar
Winterich, K. P., Mittal, V., & Ross, W. T. Jr. (2009). Donation behavior toward in-groups and out-groups: The role of gender and moral identityJournal of Consumer Research36(2), 199214. doi:10.1086/596720CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolin, L. D. (2003). Gender issues in advertising – An oversight synthesis of research: 1970–2002. Journal of Advertising Research, 43(1), 111129. doi:10.1017/S0021849903030125Google Scholar
Yau, O. H., Chan, T. S., & Lau, K. F. (1999). Influence of Chinese cultural values on consumer behavior: A proposed model of gift-purchasing behavior in Hong KongJournal of International Consumer Marketing11(1), 97116. doi:10.1300/J046v11n01_07Google Scholar
Yorkston, E., & De Mello, G. E. (2005). Linguistic gender marking and categorizationJournal of Consumer Research, 32(2), 224234. doi:10.1086/432232Google Scholar
Zawisza, M., & Cinnirella, M. (2010). What matters more – breaking tradition or stereotype content? Envious and paternalistic gender stereotypes and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(7), 17671797. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00639.xGoogle Scholar
Zelezny, L. C., Chua, P. P., & Aldrich, C. (2000). New ways of thinking about environmentalism: Elaborating on gender differences in environmentalismJournal of Social issues56(3), 443457. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00177Google Scholar
ZotosY., & Tsichla, E. (2014). Snapshots of men and women in interaction: An investigation of stereotypes in print advertisement relationship portrayalsJournal of Euromarketing23(3), 3558. http://ktisis.cut.ac.cy/handle/10488/8443Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×