In England and Wales there are four types of collective redress or multiparty claim: (1) test case litigation, supported by the staying of related individual actions; (2) consolidation or joinder, that is, procedural adjustment to accommodate multiparty actions; the result is that multiple parties are coupled together in a single case; (3) opt-in claims coordinated as a Group Litigation Order; and (4) representative proceedings. As for (4), there are two manifestations. First there is a general mechanism, not restricted to any particular context, but aggregated damages have not been available and the relief is normally confined to declarations or injunctions.