Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T07:53:42.443Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 13 - Constitutional Populism versus EU Law: A Much More Complex Story than You Imagined

from IV - Eu Responses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 March 2022

Martin Krygier
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Adam Czarnota
Affiliation:
University of New South Wales, Sydney
Wojciech Sadurski
Affiliation:
University of Sydney
Get access

Summary

The effects of populist narratives have become an increasingly important topic on the European Union (EU) agenda, both political and juridical, because no EU Member State is immune from populist movements, which are ever-popular.1 The last decade demonstrated that domestic constitutional populism has the ability to affect the supranational political entity in myriad ways.2 The rule of law – a fundamental EU value,3 first assumed politically,4 then proclaimed judicially,5 and, finally, codified in the Treaties to initially uncertain effects,6 – became a proxy: graduating into the interface between the populism-affecting domestic constitutional arrangements and the EU legal order.7 The inept reaction of the EU institutions to the rule of law crisis in Member States (Poland and Hungary in particular), ‘illiberalism within’,8 suggests that the constitutional populism undermined the foundations and effectiveness of the EU rule of law. Worse still – the developments over the last decade highlight the fact that the EU might be drifting away from its proclaimed foundations of democracy, rule of law and human rights protection: its very raison d’être stands undermined. Indeed, the added value of the Union as a tool to empower ‘autocratic legalism’,9 uniting states engaged in ‘ruling by cheating’,10 as opposed to a club of rule of law-abiding democracies, is unclear. One thing is certain, however: such a Union cannot have any future.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adam, S and Elsuwege, P Van, ‘L’exigence d’indépendance du juge, paradigm de l’Union européenne comme union de droit’, [The requirement of independence of the judiciary, paradigm of the European Union as a union of law] (2018) 9 Journal de droit européen 334Google Scholar
Adamski, D, ‘The Social Contract of Democratic Backsliding in the “New EU” Countries’ (2019) 56 Common Market Law Review 623Google Scholar
Baratta, R, ‘La communauté de valeurs dans l’ordre juridique de l’Union européenne’ [The community of values in the juridical order of the European Union] (2018) 1 Revue des affaires européennes 81Google Scholar
Bárd, P, and Sledzinska-Simon, A, ‘On the Principle of Irremovability of Judges beyond Age Discrimination: Commission v. Poland’ (2020) 57(5) Common Market Law Review 1555Google Scholar
‘Bialowieza: Poland to Resume Logging in Primeval Forest’ BBC News (9 March 2021) bbc.com/news/world-europe-56341837Google Scholar
Bignami, F, (ed), EU Law in Populist Times (Cambridge University Press, 2020)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blokker, P, ‘Populist Counter-Constitutionalism, Conservatism, and Legal Fundamentalism’ (2019) 15 European Constitutional Law Review 519CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blokker, P, ‘Building Democracy by Legal Means? The Contestation of Human Rights and Constitutionalism in East-Central Europe’ (2020) 18 Journal of Modern European History 335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogdanowicz, P, and Taborowski, M, ‘How to Save a Supreme Court in a Rule of Law Crisis: The Polish Experience: ECJ (Grand Chamber) 24 June 2019, Case C-619/18, European Commission v Republic of Poland’ (2020) 16(2) European Constitutional Law Review 306Google Scholar
Castillo-Ortiz, P, ‘The Illiberal Abuse of Constitutional Courts’ (2019) 15(1) European Constitutional Law Review 48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Closa, C, ‘Reinforcing of EU Monitoring of the Rule of Law’ in Closa, C and Kochenov, D (eds) Reinforcing Rule of Law Oversight in the European Union (Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Closa, C, and Kochenov, D (eds) Reinforcing the Rule of Law Oversight in the European Union (Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Closa, C, Kochenov, D and Weiler, J H H, ‘Reinforcing the Rule of Law Oversight in the European Union’ (EUI RSCAS Research Paper 2014/25, 2014)Google Scholar
Dimitrovs, A, and Kochenov, D, ‘Of Jupiters and Bulls: CVM as a Redundant Special Regime of the Rule of Law – Romanian JudgesEU Law Live (5 June 2021)Google Scholar
Douglas-Scott, S, ‘Justice, Injustice and the Rule of Law in the EU’ in Kochenov, D, de Búrca, G, and Williams, A (eds) Europe’s Justice Deficit? (Hart, 2015)Google Scholar
Dworkin, R, ‘A New Philosophy of International Law’ (2013) 41 Philosophy and Public Affairs 2Google Scholar
Eeckhout, P, ‘Opinion 2/13 on EU Accession to the ECHR and Judicial Dialogue – Autonomy or Autarky?’ (2015) 38 Fordham International Law Journal 955Google Scholar
Frost, R, ‘Poland Set to Resume Logging in One of Europe’s Last Primeval Forests’ Euronews (15 March 2021) euronews.com/green/2021/03/12/poland-set-to-resume-logging-in-one-of-europe-s-last-primeval-forestsGoogle Scholar
Gajda-Roszczynialska, K, and Markiewicz, K, ‘Disciplinary Proceedings as an Instrument for Breaking the Rule of Law in Poland’ (2020) 12 Hague Journal on the Rule Law 451Google Scholar
Georgiev, D, ‘Politics or Rule of Law: Deconstruction and Legitimacy in International Law’ (1993) 4 European Journal of International Law 1Google Scholar
Halmái, G, ‘The Early Retirement Age of Hungarian Judges’ in Nicola, F and Davies, B (eds) EU Law Stories (Cambridge University Press, 2017)Google Scholar
Jakab, A, and Kochenov, D (eds) The Enforcement of EU Law and Values (Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar
Janse, R, De renaissance van de Rechtsstaat [The Renaissance of the Rule of Law] Open Universiteit (24 September 2018) ou.nl/-/oratie-ronald-janse-de-renaissance-van-de-rechtsstaat-Google Scholar
Kalinichenko, P, and Kochenov, D, ‘Introductory Note to Amendments to the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation Concerning International Law (2021)’ (2021) 60(2) International Legal Materials 341CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klamert, M, and Kochenov, D, ‘Article 2 TEU’ in Kellerbauer, M, Klamert, M, and Tomkin, J (eds) The Treaties and the Charter of Fundamental Rights – A Commentary (Oxford University Press, 2019)Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, ‘Behind the Copenhagen Façade: The Meaning and Structure of the Copenhagen Criterion of Democracy and the Rule of Law’ (2004) 8(10) European Integration Online Papers 1Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, ‘Declaratory Rule of Law: Self-Constitution through Unenforceable Promises’ in Přibáň, J (ed) The Self-Constitution of European Society beyond EU Politics, Law and Governance (Routledge, 2016)Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, ‘The Acquis and Its Principles: The Enforcement of “Law” versus the Enforcement of “Values” in the European Union’ in Jakab, A and Kochenov, D (eds) The Enforcement of EU Law and Values (Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, ‘EU Law without the Rule of Law: Is the Veneration of Autonomy Worth It?’ (2019) 34 Yearbook of European Law 74Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, ‘De Facto Power Grab in Context: Upgrading Rule of Law in Europe in Populist Times’ (2020) XL Polish Yearbook of International Law 197.Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, ‘Rule of Law as a Tool to Claim Supremacy’ in Jakub Urbanik and Adam Bodnar (eds) Περιμένοντας τους Bαρβάρους Law in the days of Constitutional Crisis: Studies offered to Mirosław Wyrzykowski (C H Beck/Nomos, 2021)Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, and Bárd, P, ‘The Last Soldier Standing? Courts versus Politicians and the Rule of Law Crisis in the New Member States of the EU’ (2019) 1 European Yearbook of Constitutional Law 243Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, and Butler, G, ‘CJEU’s Independence and Lawful Composition in Question (Part V)’ Verfassungsblog (19 June 2021) verfassungsblog.de/cjeus-independence-and-lawful-composition-in-question-part-v/Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, and Butler, G, ‘The Independence and Lawful Composition of the Court of Justice of the European Union: Replacement of Advocate General Sharpston and the Battle for the Integrity of the Institution’ (Jean Monnet Working Papers No. 2/2020, 2020) jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/paper-serie/Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, and Butler, G, ‘Independence of the Court of Justice of the European Union: Unchecked Member States’ Power after the Sharpston Affair’ (2022) 28 European Law Journal (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, and Dimitrovs, A, ‘Solving the Copenhagen Dilemma: The Repubblika Decision of the European Court of Justice’ Verfassungsblog (28 April 2021) verfassungsblog.de/solving-the-copenhagen-dilemma/Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, Magen, A and Pech, L, ‘The Great Rule of Law Debate in the EU’ (2016) 54 Journal of Common Market Studies 1043Google Scholar
Kochenov, D, and Morijn, J, ‘Strengthening the Charter’s Role in the Fight for the Rule of Law in the EU,’ (2021) 27 European Public Law (forthcoming).Google Scholar
Koncewicz, T T, ‘Of Institutions, Democracy, Constitutional Self-Defence, and the Rule of Law’ (2016) 53 Common Market Law Review 1753Google Scholar
Koncewicz, T T, ‘The Capture of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal and Beyond: Of Institution(s), Fidelities and the Rule of Law in Flux’ (2018) 43 Review of Central and East European Law 116Google Scholar
Koncewicz, T T, ‘The Supranational Rule of Law as First Principle of the European Public Space – On the Journey in Ever Closer Union among the Peoples of Europe in Flux’ (2020) 5 Palestra 167Google Scholar
Kosař, D, Baroš, J and Dufek, P, ‘The Twin Challenges to Separation of Powers in Central Europe: Technocratic Governance and Populism’ (2019) 15 European Constitutional Law Review 427CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kovács, K, and Scheppele, K L, ‘The Fragility of an Independent Judiciary: Lessons from Hungary and Poland – and the European Union’ (2018) 51(3) Communist and Post-Communist Studies 189Google Scholar
Krajewski, M, and Ziółkowski, M, ‘EU Judicial Independence Decentralized: A.K.’ (2020) 57(4) Common Market Law Review 1107Google Scholar
Kumm, M, ‘The Idea of Socratic Contestation and the Right to Justification’ (2010) 4 Law and Ethics of Human Rights 142Google Scholar
Lacey, N, ‘Populism and the Rule of Law’ (2019) 15(1) Annual Review of Law and Social Science 79Google Scholar
Lashyn, S ‘The Unsuccessful Bid of the British Advocate-General to Remain on the Bench Despite Brexit’ (2021) 84 Modern Law Review onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-2230.12651Google Scholar
Lenaerts, K, ‘The Basic Constitutional Charter of a Community Based on the Rule of Law’ in Poiares Maduro, M and Azoulai, L (eds) The Past and the Future of EU Law: The Classics of EU Law Revisited on the 50th Anniversary of the Rome Treaty (Hart Publishing, 2010)Google Scholar
Lenaerts, K, ‘Our Judicial Independence and the Quest for National, Supranational and Transntional Justice’ in Sevik, G, Clifton, M-J, Haas, T, Lourenço, L and Schwiesow, K (eds) The Art of Judicial Reasoning: Festschrift in Honour of Carl Baudenbacher (Springer, 2019)Google Scholar
Lenaerts, K, ‘New Horizons for the Rule of Law within the EU’ (2020) 21 German Law Journal 29Google Scholar
Leloup, M, ‘The ECtHR Steps into the Ring: The Xero Flor Ruling as the ECtHR’s First Step in Fighting Rule of Law Backsliding’ Verfassungsblog (10 May 2021) verfassungsblog.de/the-ecthr-steps-into-the-ring/Google Scholar
Leloup, M, Kochenov, D, and Dimitrovs, A, ‘Non-Regression: Opening the Door to Solving the “Copenhagen Dilemma”? All Eyes on Case C-896/19 Repubblika v Il-Prim Ministru’ (2021) 48 European Law Review 692.Google Scholar
Lindeboom, J, ‘Why EU Law Claims Supremacy’ (2018) 38 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 328CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, F C, ‘Multilevel Constitutional Jurisdiction’ in von Bogdandy, A and Bast, J (eds) Principles of European Constitutional Law (Oxford University Press, 2011)Google Scholar
Müller, J-W, ‘Populism and Constitutionalism’ in Kaltwasser, C R, Taggart, P, Espejo, PO, and Ostiguy, P (eds) Oxford Handbook of Populism (Oxford University Press, 2017)Google Scholar
Palombella, G, ‘The Rule of Law and Its Core’ in Palombella, G and Walker, N (eds) Relocating the Rule of Law (Oxford University Press, 2009)Google Scholar
Palombella, G, ‘The Rule of Law as an Institutional Ideal’ in Morlino, L and Palombella, G (eds) Rule of Law and Democracy: Inquiries into Internal and External Issues (Brill, 2010)Google Scholar
Palombella, G, È possibile una legalità globale? Il rule of law e la governance del mondo [Is global legality possible? The rule of law and world governance] (Il Mulino, 2012)Google Scholar
Palombella, G, ‘The Principled, and Winding, Road to Al-Dulimi: Interpreting the Interpreters’ (2014) 6 Questions of International Law Zoom-in 15Google Scholar
Palombella, G, ‘Beyond Legality–before Democracy: Rule of Law Caveats in the EU Two-Level System’ in Closa, C and Kochenov, D (eds) Reinforcing Rule of Law Oversight in the European Union (Cambridge University Press, 2016)Google Scholar
Pech, L, ‘The Rule of Law as a Constitutional Principle of the European Union’ (Jean Monnet Working Paper Series No 4/2009, 28 April 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pech, L, ‘Dealing with ‘Fake Judges’ under EU Law: Poland as a Case Study in Light of the Court of Justice’s Ruling of 26 March 2020 in Simpson and HG’ (RECONNECT Working Paper 8, 2020)Google Scholar
Pech, L, ‘The Schrödinger’s Advocate General,’ Verfassungsblog (29 May 2020) verfassungsblog.de/the-schroedingers-advocate-generalGoogle Scholar
Pech, L, ‘Article 47(2)’ in Peers, Steve, Hervey, Tamara, Kenner, Jeff, and Ward, Angela (eds) The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: A Commentary (2nd ed., Hart Publishing, 2021)Google Scholar
Pech, L, ‘Court of Justice Protecting Polish judges from Poland’s Disciplinary “Star Chamber”: Commission v. Poland (Interim proceedings)’ (2021) 58(1) Common Market Law Review 137Google Scholar
Pech, L, ‘Written Submission in Response to the Rule of Law Call by the Joint Committee on European Union Affairs of the Houses of the Oireachtas’ (RECONNECT Policy Brief, 22 January 2021) reconnect-europe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Policy-brief-LP-written-submission-in-response-to-the-call-22JAN21_update.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pech, L, and Grogan, J (eds) ‘Unity and Diversity in National Understandings of the Rule of Law in the EU’ (RECONNECT Deliverable 7.1, 30 April 2020) reconnect-europe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D7.1-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pech, P, and Grogan, J (eds), ‘The Meaning and Scope of EU Rule of Law’ (Report, RECONNECT Deliverable 7.2, 2020) reconnect-europe.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D7.2-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Pech, L, and Kochenov, D, ‘Respect for the Rule of Law in the Case-Law of the Court of Justice: A Casebook Overview of the Key Judgments since the Portuguese Judges Case’ (Report, SIEPS: Svenska institutet för europapolitiska studier, 2021)Google Scholar
Pech, L, and Platon, S, ‘Judicial Independence under Threat: The Court of Justice to the Rescue in the ASJP Case’ (2018) 55(6) Common Market Law Review 1827Google Scholar
Pech, L, and Scheppele, K L, ‘Illiberalism Within: Rule of Law Backsliding in the EU’ (2017) 19 Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 3Google Scholar
Pech, L, Wachowiec, P and Mazur, D, ‘Poland’s Rule of Law Breakdown: A Five-Year Assessment of EU’s (In)Action’ (2021) 13 Hague Journal on the Rule Law 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prete, L, and Smulders, B, ‘The Age of Maturity of Infringement Proceedings’ (2021) 58(2) Common Market Law Review 285Google Scholar
Rizcallah, C, and Davio, V, ‘L’article 19 du Traité sur l’Union européenne: sesame de l’Union de droit’ [‘Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union: open sesame to a legal union’] (2020) 122 Revue trimestrielle des droits de l’homme 155Google Scholar
Rossi, L S, ‘La valeur juridique des valeurs: L’article 2 TEU’ [The legal value of values: Article 2 of the TEU’] (2020) 3 Revue trimestrielle de droit européen 639Google Scholar
Sadurski, W, Constitutionalism and the Enlargement of Europe (Oxford University Press, 2012)Google Scholar
Sadurski, W, Poland’s Constitutional Breakdown (Oxford University Press, 2019)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadurski, W, ‘Populism and Human Rights in Poland’ in Neuman, G L (ed) Human Rights in a Time of Populism: Challenges and Responses (Cambridge University Press, 2020)Google Scholar
Sajó, A, Ruling by Cheating (Cambridge University Press, 2021)Google Scholar
Scheppele, K L, ‘Constitutional Coups and Judicial Review: How Transnational Institutions Can Strengthen Peak Courts at Times of Crisis (with Special Reference to Hungary)’ (2014) 23 Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems 51Google Scholar
Scheppele, K L, ‘Autocratic Legalism’ (2018) 85 University of Chicago Law Review 545Google Scholar
Scheppele, K L, Kochenov, D and Grabowska-Moroz, B, ‘EU Values Are Law, after All: Enforcing EU Values through Systemic Infringement Actions by the European Commission and the Member States of the European Union’ (2020) 39 Yearbook of European Law 3Google Scholar
Schout, A, and Luining, M, ‘The Missing Dimension in Rule of Law Policy from EU Policies to Multilevel Capacity Building’ (Clingendael Report, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, January 2018)Google Scholar
Sillen, J, ‘The Concept of “Internal Judicial Independence”’ (2019) 15(1) European Constitutional Law Review 104Google Scholar
Van Elsuwege, P, and Grimmelprez, F, ‘Protecting the Rule of Law in the EU Legal Order: A Constitutional Role for the Court of Justice’ (2020) 16(1) European Constitutional Law Review 8Google Scholar
Venice Commission, ‘Opinion on the Act on the Constitutional Tribunal’, adopted by the Venice Commission at its 108th Plenary Session, (Venice, 14–15 October 2016)Google Scholar
Venice Commission, ‘Rule of Law Checklist’, Adopted by the Venice Commission at its 106th Plenary Session (Venice, 11–12 March 2016)Google Scholar
von Danwitz, T, ‘Values and the Rule of Law: Foundations of the European Union – An Inside Perspective from the ECJ’ (2018) 21 Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 2Google Scholar
Weiler, J H H, and Lockhart, N J S, ‘“Taking Rights Seriously” Seriously: The European Court and Its Fundamental Rights Jurisprudence – Part I’ (1995) 32(1) Common Market Law Review 51Google Scholar
Weiler, J H H, and Lockhart, N J S, ‘“Taking Rights Seriously” Seriously: The European Court and Its Fundamental Rights Jurisprudence – Part II’ (1995) 32(2) Common Market Law Review 579Google Scholar
Wennerås, P, ‘Saving a Forest and the Rule of Law: Commission v Poland. Case C-441/17 R, Commission v Poland, Order of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 20 November 2017’ (2019) 56 Common Market Law Review 541Google Scholar
Williams, A, ‘Taking Values Seriously: Towards a Philosophy of EU Law’ (2009) 29 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 549Google Scholar
Wyrzykowski, M, ‘Experiencing the Unimaginable: the Collapse of the Rule of Law in Poland’ (2019) 11 Hague Journal on the Rule of Law 417Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×