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Field astrobiology research in Moon–Mars analogue environments: instruments and methods

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2011

B.H. Foing ,
C. Stoker ,
J. Zavaleta ,
P. Ehrenfreund ,
C. Thiel ,
P. Sarrazin ,
D. Blake ,
J. Page ,
V. Pletser  and
J. Hendrikse
...Show all authors
B.H. Foing*
Affiliation:
ESA ESTEC, Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG), c/o BH Foing, ESTEC PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
C. Stoker
Affiliation:
Space Science Division, M.S. 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
J. Zavaleta
Affiliation:
Space Science Division, M.S. 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
P. Ehrenfreund
Affiliation:
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands Space Policy Institute, Elliott School of International Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
C. Thiel
Affiliation:
International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG), c/o BH Foing, ESTEC PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, CeNTech, University of Münster, Heisenbergstrasse 11, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
P. Sarrazin
Affiliation:
inXitu Inc., 2551 Casey Ave, Ste A, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
D. Blake
Affiliation:
Space Science Division, M.S. 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
J. Page
Affiliation:
ESA ESTEC, Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
V. Pletser
Affiliation:
ESA ESTEC, Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
J. Hendrikse
Affiliation:
ESA ESTEC, Postbus 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
S. Direito
Affiliation:
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
J.M. Kotler
Affiliation:
Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Einsteinweg 55, PO Box 9502, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
Z. Martins
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
G. Orzechowska
Affiliation:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
C. Gross
Affiliation:
Institute of Geological Sciences, Planetary Sciences and Remote Sensing, Freie Universitaet Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany
L. Wendt
Affiliation:
Institute of Geological Sciences, Planetary Sciences and Remote Sensing, Freie Universitaet Berlin, D-12249 Berlin, Germany
J. Clarke
Affiliation:
Mars Society Australia, c/o 43 Michell St, Monash, ACT 2904, Australia Australian Centre for Astrobiology, Ground Floor, Biological Sciences Building, Sydney, NSW, Australia
A.M. Borst
Affiliation:
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG), c/o BH Foing, ESTEC PO Box 299, 2200 AG Noordwijk, The Netherlands
S.T.M. Peters
Affiliation:
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
M.-B. Wilhelm
Affiliation:
Space Science Division, M.S. 245-3, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
G.R. Davies
Affiliation:
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
*
e-mail: Bernard.Foing@esa.int
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Abstract

We describe the field demonstration of astrobiology instruments and research methods conducted in and from the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in Utah during the EuroGeoMars campaign 2009 coordinated by ILEWG, ESA/ESTEC and NASA Ames, with the contribution of academic partners. We discuss the entire experimental approach from determining the geological context using remote sensing, in situ measurements, sorties with sample collection and characterization, analysis in the field laboratory, to the post sample analysis using advanced laboratory facilities.

We present the rationale for terrestrial field campaigns to strengthen astrobiology research and the link between in situ and orbital remote sensing data. These campaigns are supporting the preparation for future missions such as Mars Science Laboratory, ExoMars or Mars Sample Return. We describe the EuroGeoMars 2009 campaign conducted by MDRS crew 76 and 77, focused on the investigation of surface processes in their geological context. Special emphasis was placed on sample collection and pre-screening using in-situ portable instruments. Science investigations included geological and geochemical measurements as well as detection and diagnostic of water, oxidants, organic matter, minerals, volatiles and biota.

EuroGeoMars 2009 was an example of a Moon–Mars field research campaign dedicated to the demonstration of astrobiology instruments and a specific methodology of comprehensive measurements from selected sampling sites. We discuss in sequence: the campaign objectives and trade-off based on science, technical or operational constraints. This includes remote sensing data and maps, and geological context; the monitoring of environmental parameters; the geophysical context and mineralogy studies; geology and geomorphology investigations; geochemistry characterization and subsurface studies.

We describe sample handling (extraction and collection) methods, and the sample analysis of soils and rocks performed in the MDRS laboratory using close inspection, initial petrological characterization, microscopy, Visible-NIR spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction/X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, soil analysis, electrochemical and biological measurements.

The results from post-mission analysis of returned samples using advanced facilities in collaborator institutes are described in companion papers in this issue. We present examples of in-situ analysis, and describe an example investigation on the exploration and analysis of endolithic microbial mats (from reconnaissance, in-situ imaging, sampling, local analysis to post-mission sample analysis).

Keywords

MarsMoonastrobiologyinstrumentsexplorationtechnologysamplesmineralsorganicsbiotaendoliths
Type
Research Article
Information
International Journal of Astrobiology , Volume 10 , Special Issue 3: Special issue: Astrobiology field research in Moon/Mars analogue environments , July 2011 , pp. 141 - 160
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

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