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8 results

  • Chapter 21 - Female and Male Sterilization
  • from Section 4 - Contraception and STIs
  • Edited by Tahir Mahmood, Charles Savona-Ventura, Ioannis Messinis, Sambit Mukhopadhyay
  • Book: The EBCOG Postgraduate Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
  • Published online: 24 November 2021
  • Print publication: 02 December 2021, pp 170-174
  • View extract

    Summary

    Female and male sterilization is an important and widely used method of contraception. While a safe and effective procedure, given its permanent nature care has to be taken when counselling men and women for this procedure to reduce the incidence of regret and reversal. Detailed discussion with both sexes regarding the risks of sterilization procedures and of alternative methods of contraception, such as long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), is vital to allow fully informed consent. Laparoscopic sterilization is a popular method of female sterilization and is associated with low complication rates. Minimally invasive vasectomy (MIV), performed under local anaesthetic in the outpatient setting, is becoming the gold standard technique for male sterilization and results in fewer operative complications and less postoperative pain than more traditional methods. Hopefully further research into hysteroscopic sterilization techniques will allow this to become a more accessible and safer method of permanent contraception for women.

  • 2 - Hormones, 1918–1929
  • James F. Stark, University of Leeds
  • Book: The Cult of Youth
  • Published online: 28 February 2020
  • Print publication: 19 March 2020, pp 24-67
  • View extract

    Summary

    Hormones were hailed in the early twentieth century as one of the most promising explanations for physiological function. This chapter shows how hormone treatments – not just those carried out by medical practitioners – influenced public perceptions of youth and ageing. Laboratory and clinical research influenced the marketing of commercial rejuvenation therapies, and commercial entities produced an enticing range of products containing hormones. The widely publicised research of gland-manipulating surgeons – particularly Eugen Steinach and Serge Voronoff – who gained notoriety by performing rejuvenating operations designed to restore bodily hormonal balance, attracted considerable press interest. The press carried numerous reports of procedures carried out on prominent society figures, yet for many these expensive and highly specialised treatments were out of reach. I argue the main contribution by the work of Voronoff and Steinach to British public life was to sustain a significant market of new hormone-based products, from dietary supplements and skin creams which claimed to restore natural bodily balance to medical hormone preparations designed to address fertility problems.

  • 24 - Future developments incontraception
  • Edited by Paula Briggs, Gabor Kovacs, Monash University, Victoria
  • Edited in consultation with John Guillebaud, University College London
  • Book: Contraception
  • Published online: 05 August 2013
  • Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp 226-236
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Apart from the use of condoms, vasectomy is the only method of birth control that is the responsibility of the man. Vasectomy is more cost effective, less invasive and has a lower failure rate than sterilization in women. The general practitioner (GP) plays a very important role when a couple or an individual consults them about a vasectomy referral. Bearing in mind the poor pregnancy rate of vasectomy reversal and the potential cost, some men may want to have information about sperm storage. Cryo-storage would allow artificial insemination of their current partner or of a new partner. Vasectomy operative techniques described in this chapter include: open-ended vasectomy, fascial imposition, and Pro-Vas. The chapter explains that the man may experience a small amount of pain and discomfort during and after the procedure and that usually paracetamol is sufficient for pain relief.
  • 10 - Adolescence:contraception in the teenage years
  • Edited by Paula Briggs, Gabor Kovacs, Monash University, Victoria
  • Edited in consultation with John Guillebaud, University College London
  • Book: Contraception
  • Published online: 05 August 2013
  • Print publication: 11 July 2013, pp 90-98
  • View abstract

    Summary

    There is evidence of contraception from the land of the pharaohs. Mantras were believed to produce sterility in both men and women, just like prayers of intercession in the Christian Church in Europe. A major change in approaches to contraception came about as an accidental result of venereal disease. From the mid-nineteenth century, the arrival of rubber meant the first condoms were produced of the new material. Sexual health became an important part of consideration for companies producing contraceptives and suddenly condoms could be bought in most places in the world from open shelves in chemists and supermarkets, sold in brightly coloured packets. The invention of a female condom has also enabled a woman to make yet another form of choice if she wished to prevent both pregnancy and disease. Vasectomy and sterilization operations are available and accessible across the globe.
  • Chapter 34 - Strict criteria for sperm morphology
  • Edited by Larry I. Lipshultz, Stuart S. Howards, University of Virginia, Craig S. Niederberger, University of Illinois, Chicago
  • Book: Infertility in the Male
  • Published online: 19 May 2010
  • Print publication: 24 September 2009, pp 574-581
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Vasectomy is typically performed as an outpatient procedure using local anesthetics. The technique employed for occlusion of the vasal lumina may influence the incidence of recanalization. Suture ligature, still the common method employed worldwide, may result in necrosis and sloughing of the cut end distal to the ligature. Hematoma is the common complication of vasectomy, with an average incidence of 2%. Sperm granulomas form when sperm leak from the testicular end of the vas. Sperm are highly antigenic, and an intense inflammatory reaction occurs when sperm escape outside the reproductive epithelium. The concept of male hormonal manipulation for contraception predated the era of female hormonal contraception by 20 years. Progestins have been used in multiple small studies for suppression of spermatogenesis and testosterone production in men. Along with hormonal manipulation, immunocontraception appears to offer reasonable hope for a nonsurgical contraceptive option in men.
  • 23 - Contraception for older couples
  • from SECTION 6 - SEX BEYOND AND AFTER FERTILITY
    • By Diana Mansour, NHS Newcastle and North Tyneside, Community Services, New Croft Centre, Sexual Health Services, Market Street (East), Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 6ND
  • Edited by Susan Bewley, William Ledger, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Dimitrios Nikolaou
  • Book: Reproductive Ageing
  • Published online: 05 February 2014
  • Print publication: 01 June 2009, pp 245-258
  • View abstract

    Summary

    Male or female sterilisation is chosen by almost 50% of British couples in their 40s as their main method of contraception. Of these, 15% of men and 12% of women choose either vasectomy or tubal occlusion. Vasectomy is the most effective contraceptive method available, with failures now quoted as having a life-time risk of one in 2000 after two azoospermic samples taken 2-4 weeks apart at least 8 weeks after the procedure. Mirenai (Schering), the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), is an ideal contraceptive method for the older woman. Epidemiological data support the prescribing of combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) to non-smoking, normal-weight, low-risk women who do not suffer from migraine until the menopause. The median age of the menopause in Western women who do not smoke is 51.3 years. Symptoms of the menopause are often masked in women using CHCs but some may complain of vasomotor symptoms in the hormone-free week.
  • 11 - Contraception and fertility
  • from Part II - Hormonal changes
  • Edited by Jo Ann Rosenfeld, The Johns Hopkins University
  • Book: Women's Health in Mid-Life
  • Published online: 21 August 2009
  • Print publication: 25 March 2004, pp 191-206
  • View abstract

    Summary

    The need for reliable, safe, and reversible contraception has become more evident, and the duration of their use has increased as many women opt to delay childbearing into the late third and fourth decades. Many psychosocial and economic factors will continue to affect women's contraceptive decision-making and undoubtedly will continue to influence rates of tubal sterilization. Vasectomy, like tubal sterilization, should be considered an irreversible sterilization procedure. The oral contraceptive pill is a common form of contraception in the USA. Numerous societal, biological, psychological, and legal factors must be considered when counseling women about their reproductive health. As with any physician-patient encounter, careful documentation must accompany any discussion regarding reproduction and contraceptive choices. Discussions regarding reproductive health, contraception, and sterilization must make the clear distinction between contraception and protection from sexually transmitted disease (STDs). Broad categories of assisted fertilization include hormonal assistance designed to induce ovulation and in vitro fertilization.