This chapter analyses the nostalgia deployed in 1910s–1930s memoirs of Mughal Delhi by local ashrāf prose writers. It argues that the idealisation of the pre-colonial local past enabled authors to face the displacement lived during the construction of the colonial capital and the growing challenges of communal tension in the city. As heterogeneous texts both recording knowledge and inducing multi-sensory pleasure in the manner of qissahs (tales), city memoirs aimed at moving the Mughal past permanently into collective fantasy and at maintaining collective identity continuity. Examining the elements of nostalgic recollection, the chapter shows that those memoirs responded to the urgencies of the present, by articulating a critique of British rule and of the growth of communalism, but that they also reflected a Muslim collective identity that yearned for power.

The knowledge economy represents a new domination by a longstanding factor of production. New insights and technological innovation have always shaped economic activity, but the rate of technological change and the proportion of knowledge as a factor of production and as a product have grown greatly in recent decades. This chapter describes the knowledge economy and explains how it makes it more likely that producers will have postive returns to scale – in other words, that profits will increase as the level of production grows. These features have profound implications for the international dimensions of the knowledge economy, as illustrated by branding and supply chains.

Besides affording a way of modeling deviations from canonical morphotactics, rule composition makes it possible to see apparently recalcitrant morphotactic patterns as conforming to canonical criteria if these are assumed to cover composite rules as well as simple rules. I examine an apparent deviation from the integral stem criterion in Sanskrit and apparent deviations from the rule opposition criterion in Latin, Limbu, and Sanskrit. Each of these phenomena can be reconciled with the canonical criterion from which it apparently deviates if this criterion is assumed to cover composite rules as well as simple rules. All of these are cases in which deviation from the minimal rule criterion facilitates conformity to other canonical morphotactic criteria.

We present a few of the gedanken- and real experiments that demonstrate the spookiness of quantum mechanics. We discuss the Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen gedankenexperiment that invokes hidden variables to create a paradox. We analyze Bell’s analysis of the paradox, which shows that the predictions of quantum mechanics are inconsistent with local hidden variable theories. We discuss the Schrödinger cat paradox, and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Chapter 7 deals with a longstanding controversy from both historical and theoretical linguistic perspectives. The chapter provides a description of Korean vowel harmony beginning with an overview of its historical and theoretical linguistic background. Middle Korean displays relatively rigorous patterns of vowel harmony; contemporary varieties show reduced but still complicated patterns that are confined to certain morphological contexts, as a result of historical changes. The description of Korean vowel harmony in this chapter is divided mainly into two parts: the relatively complete vowel harmony system in Middle Korean, and vowel harmony in contemporary (chiefly Seoul) Korean. The former provides an historical and typological overview of the productive MK patterns, while the latter focuses on the exceptions and variations of the remnant harmony patterns in ideophones and verbal inflections. The remainder of the chapter introduces a number of theoretical approaches, from early generative treatments to more recent Optimality Theoretic analyses.

Using diaspora as a framework for reading Asian American literature expands the geographical and temporal contours of what it means to be Asian American. Although late-twentieth-century US popular culture was marked by multicultural ideologies of American citizenship, “diaspora” captures another way of thinking about Asian Americans: as immigrants who are subject to multiple projects of nationalism, and who embody diverse forms of citizenship. Whereas writers like Bharati Mukherjee reproduce dominant ideologies of US exceptionalism and multicultural citizenship, for writers such as Meena Alexander, the production of diasporic locality ripples across generations, as she ties together South Asia with North America, the Middle East with Europe. Rewriting immigration as a story of diaspora emphasizes the social, economic, political, and psychic ties that immigrants construct to Asia and to the Americas. Diaspora thus reconfigures who and what we know as “Asian American,” moving away from linear narratives of departure and arrival, towards transnational categories of belonging and citizenship.

This chapter discusses the ways in which speech was related to class and gender. It shows that boundaries between public and private were blurred in early modern communities, and that reputation was central to people’s lives. National, regional and local identities receive attention, especially the meaning of ‘Country’, alongside attitudes to foreign communities. Urban neighbourhood receives attention, especially the issue of the extent to which neighbourly values obtained in small districts of towns and cities, and the extent of urban anomie. Dispute settlement is studied, especially informal settlements made within communities. Gender and neighbourhood receives attention, in particular masculine artisanal identities, women’s networks and mutual support, and neighbourly reactions to male domestic violence.

This chapter discusses the widespread belief in early modern England that neighbourliness was dead and charity grown cold. It assesses the melancholy that was built on a nostalgic sense of lost social virtues. Yet, contradictorily, it shows that even as contemporaries lamented the end of neighbourhood, they simultaneously celebrated and asserted neighbourly values. The chapter therefore balances evidence for social atomization against ongoing investment by early modern people in Christian discourses of charity and good neighbourhood, which generated powerful senses of local reciprocities and continued social bonds that included gifts of cash, food and shelter to the poor; communal feasting and festivity; and Christian values of friendship.

Under the second element of the tort of negligence, the relevant question is whether the conduct of D fell below the standard of care which the law expects of D, and so constitutes negligent behaviour. This enquiry necessarily involves a two-stage analysis: (1) setting the standard of care against which D’s behaviour should be judged (a question of law); and (2) deciding whether D’s conduct met, or fell below, that standard (a question of fact). This chapter considers the first enquiry, while Chapter 7 considers the second.

Millions of men and women in societies rimming or tied to the Atlantic basin – be they Ottoman courtiers, Hamburg paupers or Andean villagers – had, by the late 1700s and early 1800s, come to assign medicinal properties as well as particular therapeutic practices and cultural imaginaries to dried shreds of bark removed from the cinchona tree. From Philadelphia to Rome, from Nagasaki to Rio de Janeiro, people had encountered and espoused that singular remedy, as well as techniques and understandings attendant to its consumption, through exposure to the written word, medical practice or word of mouth. Though coming from a single, limited source in the central and northern Andes, the bark would have been available to them through a variety of mercantile conduits and from a wide range of purveyors the world over: on offer from a Frankfurt apothecary, attainable from a Jesuit dispensary in Macao and buyable over the counter of a Smyrna market stand. Many of the bark’s users, traders and supporters would have been conversant with and, in some measure, tempted into its consumption or advocacy by stories about its discovery by ‘wild Indians’ – ‘natural men’ of whom, in their unlettered simplicity, closeness to nature and ‘divine folly’, mankind could reasonably expect the revelation of nature’s most coveted secrets, its most excellent remedies. Many sufferers and medical practitioners would also have shared recipes and medical practices calculated to render cinchona more effectual and agreeable, with its therapeutic properties, powdery texture and nauseous taste entailing a necessity for solvents, sweeteners and the presence of kindred febrifuges and aligning preparations of the bark the world over. Gentlewomen in the Scottish Lowlands, physicians at the Ottoman Porte and Mexican hospital orderlies alike would have known how to concoct, or where to purchase, the classic bittersweet febrifugal lemonades and aromatic compound wines of the bark. Many consumers would have shared not only fanciful narratives about the bark’s discovery and formulae to concoct preparations of it that were palatable, and efficacious, but also diagnostic experience, expertise in indications and an understanding of the environs and ailments in which the use of the Peruvian bark would be most beneficial. From the fenlands of Cambridgeshire to the river valleys of Lima, sufferers and practitioners from all walks of life, be they sailors, householders or seasonal workers, would most commonly have trusted the bark’s protection and curative properties in fevers, occasioned by insalubrious situations and climates. Knowledge, A Singular Remedy holds, is not bound ineluctably to just one place or locality. As the case of the Peruvian bark shows, by the late 1700s and early 1800s, men and women had come to share expertise and experiences across imperial and social divides at a level as fundamental as that of their body, of sickness and cure.

Beginning with the shard market, held weekly in the city of Jingdezhen, this chapter explores the enduring attraction of locally made ceramics, even in their broken form. The objects for sale here fragments of porcelain objects made over the centuries in Jingdezhen point to the historical importance of what was manufactured here between the eleventh and nineteenth centuries as much as to the contemporary value of fine porcelains made locally for the imperial court. The manufacture of ceramics in Jingdezhen has attracted scholars working in many different disciplines; this chapter presents some of that scholarship but takes the research in new directions, drawing on the historical record, visual representations, objects and the records of administrators and visitors in Jingdezhen. The chapter situates the methodology of the book between global and local history, and explains its focus on the movement of objects, people and ideas during the many centuries in which Jingdezhen flourished. The shard market can only be explained by situating it in its historical context.

Unbounded Dependency Constructions in Germanic are a particular fruitful area for the exploration of the nature of A’-movement because this language family shows an intriguing array of options to form such dependencies. In this survey, I will first introduce the major functions of canonical unbounded dependencies involving a filler-gap dependency (wh-movement, topicalization, relativization), focusing on their shared properties (sensitivity to locality, successive-cyclic movement) and differences (shape of the left periphery, presence/absence of subject-verb inversion, nature of the landing site) both within individual languages and cross-linguistically. After addressing asymmetries between local and long-distance dependencies, I discuss alternatives to canonical long-distance movement such as extraction from verb second clauses (which is sometimes treated as involving a parenthetical), scope marking / partial movement, wh-copying and A’-dependencies that terminate in a pronoun rather than a gap (resumption, prolepsis). In the last part I provide an overview of locality-related issues that are particularly striking in this language family such as the clause-boundedness of A’-movement in German, the variable strength of topic and wh-islands, the (putative) absence of strong island effects in Scandinavian, and variation in that-trace effects.

This chapter investigates the uses to which climate is put in a range of Nordic noir novels and films. In the majority of such texts, climate functions as both a feature of particular locales (usually, the stark meteorological and ecological settings associated with the Nordic lands) and a way to emphasise or otherwise give aesthetic expression to human actions. Strikingly, however, a small number of texts could be identified as what Linda Rugg terms ‘ecocrime’ fiction. In these, non-human nature appears as an actant in its own right, for it figures as the victim of crime. However, criminal investigation in these texts is displaced from non-human to human victims, thus deferring inquiry into the non-human and underlining non-human nature as an aporia of meaning or as the site of trauma.