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4 results

  • Influences of avalanche-defence snow-supporting structures on ground temperature in Alpine permafrost terrain

  • Marcia Phillips, Perry Bartelt, Marc Christen
  • Journal:
    Annals of Glaciology / Volume 31 / 2000
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    14 September 2017, pp. 422-426
    • Article
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  • To investigate the effects of steel snow-supporting structures on the thermal regime of the ground in typical Alpine permafrost avalanche terrain, ground temperatures were monitored and simulated on an avalanche slope equipped with experimental snow-supporting structures. Temperature measurements were effected in lm boreholes above and below a row of snow nets and in two 18 m boreholes located between the structures and in a reference location. The presence of the structures can induce modifications of the temporal and spatial snow-cover distribution, leading to differences in active-layer temperatures just below and above the structures: snow accumulates above the supporting surface of the structures, and frequently there is less snow below. The long-term thermal effect of these variations near a snow net was simulated using a two-dimensional finite-element program based on heat conduction. The material and thermal characteristics of the ground simulated are obtained from temperature measurements and from borehole-core information.

  • Chapter 11 - The patient with anxiety disorders in the emergency department

  • from Section 3. - Psychiatric illnesses
  • Edited by Leslie S. Zun
  • Edited in association with Lara G. Chepenik, Mary Nan S. Mallory
  • Book:
    Behavioral Emergencies for the Emergency Physician
    Published online:
    05 April 2013
    Print publication:
    21 March 2013, pp 76-82

  • Summary

    Drug and alcohol testing may help the emergency physician (EP) determine whether behavior is likely caused by acute intoxication versus a medical condition versus an acute exacerbation of psychiatric illness as well as guide the timing of reassessments and a reliable mental status examination. The current American College of Emergency Physicians' (ACEP) clinical policy on the evaluation of psychiatric patients presenting to the emergency department cites numerous literature sources concluding that laboratory testing is often unnecessary and is often inaccurate. In addition, positive urine drug test results often do not affect outcome or patient disposition. Each patient's level of cognition should be assessed on an individual basis. When a patient is hemodynamically stable and can provide a history and cooperate with a physical exam and all are consistent with their presentation, routine drug and alcohol testing can be avoided.