Designing materials for performance in high-radiation fields can be accelerated through a carefully chosen combination of advanced multiscale modeling paired with appropriate experimental validation. The studies reported in this work, the combined efforts of six universities working together as the Consortium on Cladding and Structural Materials, use that approach to focus on improving the scientific basis for the response of ferritic–martensitic steels to irradiation. A combination of modern modeling techniques with controlled experimentation has specifically focused on improving the understanding of radiation-induced segregation, precipitate formation and growth under radiation, the stability of oxide nanoclusters, and the development of dislocation networks under radiation. Experimental studies use both model and commercial alloys, irradiated with both ion beams and neutrons. Transmission electron microscopy and atom probe are combined with both first-principles and rate theory approaches to advance the understanding of ferritic–martensitic steels.

In situ observations in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to study ion-beam enhancement of second-phase precipitation in Zr-Fe nanocrystalline thin films. The free-standing films were prepared by co-sputter deposition with an Fe content of 1.2 at%. TEM diffraction analysis showed that only the hcp Zr crystal structure was present in the as-deposited films. No second phases were detected, although Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) confirmed a Fe content beyond the solubility limit of Fe in Zr (of the order of ppm). This means the thin films were Zr solid solutions supersaturated with Fe. Heat treatment in the absence of irradiation was observed to cause precipitation of the Zr2Fe intermetallic phase, but only above 673 K. The same second-phase precipitation can occur at lower temperatures in the presence of ion irradiation. Samples were irradiated in-situ at the Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope (IVEM) at Argonne National Laboratory with Kr ions to fluences in excess of 1016 ion/cm2, at temperatures ranging from 50 to 573 K. Second phase precipitation was detected by electron diffraction patterns and by dark field imaging comparing regions exposed to the beam with regions protected from the beam by the TEM support grid. Precipitation of Zr2Fe intermetallic phase was observed at all irradiating temperatures above room temperature. In the bulk, this phase is thermodynamically metastable in the range of temperatures investigated (relative to the orthorhombic Zr3Fe intermetallic phase). The kinetics of the irradiation-enhanced second-phase precipitation was followed by recording the diffraction patterns at regular intervals. The dose to precipitation was found to decrease with increasing irradiation temperature.