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28 results

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Standardising English
  • Standardising English
  • Norms and Margins in the History of the English Language
  • Edited by Linda Pillière, Wilfrid Andrieu, Valérie Kerfelec, Diana Lewis
  • Published online: 02 March 2018
  • Print publication: 15 March 2018
  • View description
    This path-breaking study of the standardisation of English goes well beyond the traditional prescriptivism versus descriptivism debate. It argues that the way norms are established and enforced is the result of a complex network of social factors and cannot be explained simply by appeals to power and hegemony. It brings together insights from leading researchers to re-centre the discussion on linguistic communities and language users. It examines the philosophy underlying the urge to standardise language, and takes a closer look at both well-known and lesser-known historical dictionaries, grammars and usage guides, demonstrating that they cannot be simply labelled as 'prescriptivist'. Drawing on rich empirical data and case studies, it shows how the norm continues to function in society, influencing and affecting language users even today.
  • Improving the end-of-life for people with dementia living in a care home: an intervention study
  • Gill Livingston, Elanor Lewis-Holmes, Catherine Pitfield, Monica Manela, Diana Chan, Eleanor Constant, Hannah Jacobs, Gaby Wills, Natasha Carson, Jackie Morris
  • Journal: International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 25 / Issue 11 / November 2013
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 August 2013, pp. 1849-1858
  • Print publication: November 2013
  • View abstract
    Background:

    One in three adults, most of whom are living in a care home at the time, dies with dementia. Their end-of-life is often in hospital, where they may experience uncomfortable interventions without known benefit and die rapidly with uncontrolled pain and comfort needs. This study aimed to improve end-of-life care for people with dementia in a care home by increasing the number and implementation of advanced care wishes.

    Methods:

    We recruited staff, residents with dementia, and their relatives from a 120-bed nursing home in London, UK. The intervention was a ten-session manualized, interactive staff training program. We compared advance care wishes documentation and implementation, place of death for residents who died, and themes from staff and family carers’ after-death interviews pre- and post-intervention.

    Results:

    Post-intervention there were significant increases in documented advance care wishes arising from residents’ and relatives’ discussions with staff about end-of-life. These included do not resuscitate orders (16/22, 73% vs. 4/28, 14%; p < 0.001); and dying in the care homes as opposed to hospital (22/29, 76% vs. 14/30, 47%; p < 0.02). Bereaved relatives overall satisfaction increased from 7.5 (SD = 1.3) pre-intervention to 9.1 (SD = 2.4) post-intervention; t = 17.6, p = 0.06. Relatives reported increased consultation and satisfaction about decisions. Staff members were more confident about end-of-life planning and implementing advanced wishes.

    Conclusion:

    This small non-randomized study is the first end-of-life care in dementia intervention to report an increase in family satisfaction with a reduction in hospital deaths. This is promising but requires further evaluation in diverse care homes.

  • Experiences of discrimination among people Using mental health services in England 2008-2011
  • Elizabeth Corker, Sarah Hamilton, Claire Henderson, Craig Weeks, Vanessa Pinfold, Diana Rose, Paul Williams, Clare Flach, Valdeep Gill, Elanor Lewis-Holmes, Graham Thornicroft
  • Journal: The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 202 / Issue s55 / April 2013
  • Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 January 2018, pp. s58-s63
  • Print publication: April 2013
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  • View abstract
    Background

    Research suggests that levels of discrimination against people using mental health services are high; however, reports of these people's experiences are rare.

    Aims

    To determine whether the Time to Change (TTC) programme target of 5% reduction in discrimination has been achieved.

    Method

    Separate samples of people using mental health services were interviewed annually from 2008 to 2011 using the Discrimination and Stigma Scale to record instances of discrimination.

    Results

    Ninety-one per cent of participants reported one or more experiences of discrimination in 2008 compared with 88% in 2011 (z=-1.9, P=0.05). The median negative discrimination score was 40% in 2008 and 28% in 2011 (Kruskal-Wallis χ2=83.4, P < 0.001).

    Conclusions

    The proportion of participants experiencing no discrimination increased significantly over the course of TTC but by less than the initial target The overall median discrimination score fell by 11.5%. Data from 2010 and 2011 suggest that these gains may be hard to maintain during economic austerity.

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