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34 results

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  • Chapter 6 - Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescence
    • By
  • Edited by Naomi S. Crouch, St Michael's Hospital, Bristol, Cara E. Williams, Liverpool Women's Hospital
  • Book: Paediatric and Adolescent Gynaecology for the MRCOG
  • Published online: 28 January 2023
  • Print publication: 09 February 2023, pp 44-50
  • View extract

    Summary

    The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition, affecting 10%–15% of women, and is defined by the presence of at least two of the following three criteria (Table 6.1): (1) a menstrual cycle disturbance, that is oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea, (2) evidence of hyperandrogenism, as assessed by either physical signs (excess hair growth on the face or body (hirsutism), acne, alopecia) or a biochemical elevation of androgens and/or (3) polycystic ovaries as seen by ultrasound scan, after appropriate endocrine tests have been carried out to rule out other causes of androgen excess and menstrual cycle irregularity. PCOS therefore encompasses many of the natural features experienced by adolescent girls and so it is important to ensure that an appropriate diagnosis is made. Indeed, for this reason, the current guidelines suggest that the diagnosis of PCOS cannot be made until at least 3 years after menarche and some even suggest that one should wait for 8 years, which is when full reproductive maturity has usually been attained.

  • Introduction
  • Edited by Roy Homburg, Adam H. Balen, Robert F. Casper
  • Book: 50 Big Debates in Reproductive Medicine
  • Published online: 25 November 2021
  • Print publication: 16 December 2021, pp 1-1
  • View extract

    Summary

    Human reproduction is the most basic of human functions and is the foundation of our very existence. When considering the bodily mechanisms involved, from the delicacy of the interacting endocrine network to the wonder of the cyclical changes in the ovary and uterus and the mechanism of sperm production, it is a constant source of amazement that the integration needed to produce another human being does not go wrong more often.

50 Big Debates in Reproductive Medicine
  • 50 Big Debates in Reproductive Medicine
  • Edited by Roy Homburg, Adam H. Balen, Robert F. Casper
  • Published online: 25 November 2021
  • Print publication: 16 December 2021
  • View description
    One of modern healthcare's most controversial areas, reproductive medicine is an emerging discipline that fosters hugely divergent opinions on topics such as laboratory techniques, clinical management and ethical considerations. Highlighting over 50 contentious topics in reproductive medicine, this book presents expertly argued opinions are presented for and against, often with diametrically opposing views about management. Debates such as these are being increasingly used as learning tools, helping participants develop their critical thinking skills and showing that context is vital when making decisions. Issues discussed include limits on IVF provision, ethical queries about sex selection, embryology, and ovarian stimulation. Authors are authorities in their field, combining years of experience with fresh and innovative ideas to structure their arguments. Readers will gain an insight into topical controversies, critically evaluating the different sides to enhance their own clinical practice.
  • Chapter 15 - Ovulation Induction for Anovulatory Infertility
  • Edited by Jane A. Stewart
  • Book: Subfertility, Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction
  • Published online: 03 June 2019
  • Print publication: 20 June 2019, pp 115-123
  • View extract

    Summary

    Folic acid should be taken at a daily dose of 400 mcg or, in those who are obese, 5 mg. There is debate about the restriction of fertility treatment to women who are overweight, although there is no doubt that obesity has a significant adverse impact on reproductive outcome. It influences not only the chance of conception but also the response to fertility treatment and increases the risk of miscarriage, congenital anomalies and pregnancy complications [1]. The British Fertility Society guidance suggests that treatment should be deferred until the BMI is less than 35 kg/m2, although in those with more time (e.g. less than 37 years, normal ovarian reserve) a weight reduction to a BMI of less than 30 kg/m2 is preferable [2]. Even a moderate weight loss of 5–10% of body weight can be sufficient to restore fertility and improve metabolic parameters.

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