9 results
Examining the effect of smoking on suicidal ideation and attempts: triangulation of epidemiological approaches
- Ruth Harrison, Marcus R. Munafò, George Davey Smith, Robyn E. Wootton
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 217 / Issue 6 / December 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, pp. 701-707
- Print publication:
- December 2020
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Background
Previous literature has demonstrated a strong association between cigarette smoking, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. This association has not previously been examined in a causal inference framework and could have important implications for suicide prevention strategies.
AimsWe aimed to examine the evidence for an association between smoking behaviours (initiation, smoking status, heaviness, lifetime smoking) and suicidal thoughts or attempts by triangulating across observational and Mendelian randomisation analyses.
MethodFirst, in the UK Biobank, we calculated observed associations between smoking behaviours and suicidal thoughts or attempts. Second, we used Mendelian randomisation to explore the relationship between smoking and suicide attempts and ideation, using genetic variants as instruments to reduce bias from residual confounding and reverse causation.
ResultsOur observational analysis showed a relationship between smoking behaviour, suicidal ideation and attempts, particularly between smoking initiation and suicide attempts (odds ratio, 2.07; 95% CI 1.91–2.26; P < 0.001). The Mendelian randomisation analysis and single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis, however, did not support this (odds ratio for lifetime smoking on suicidal ideation, 0.050; 95% CI −0.027 to 0.127; odds ratio on suicide attempts, 0.053; 95% CI, −0.003 to 0.110). Despite past literature showing a positive dose-response relationship, our results showed no clear evidence for a causal effect of smoking on suicidal ideation or attempts.
ConclusionsThis was the first Mendelian randomisation study to explore the effect of smoking on suicidal ideation and attempts. Our results suggest that, despite observed associations, there is no clear evidence for a causal effect.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. 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- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- By James Eli Adams, Joseph Bristow, Oliver S. Buckton, Barbara Caine, Richard Cave, David Clifford, Harry Cocks, Matt Cook, Joseph Donohue, Richard Dorment, Sos Eltis, Helen Freshwater, Josephine M. Guy, Ellis Hanson, Merlin Holland, Russell Jackson, Jarlath Killeen, Leon Litvack, Ruth Livesey, Jerusha McCormack, Michèle Mendelssohn, Susan Owens, Kerry Powell, Steven Price, Peter Raby, Mark Ravenhill, John Paul Riquelme, Anthony Roche, Sean Ryder, Jan-Melissa Schramm, Ian Small, Philip E. Smith, Margaret D. Stetz, John Stokes, Mark W. Turner, Lynn Voskuil, Marcus Waithe
- Edited by Kerry Powell, Miami University, Peter Raby, Homerton College, Cambridge
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- Oscar Wilde in Context
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- 18 December 2013
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- Edited by Pantelis Michelakis, University of Bristol, Maria Wyke, University College London
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- Book:
- The Ancient World in Silent Cinema
- Published online:
- 05 September 2013
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- 15 August 2013, pp xv-xix
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Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Distribution and extent of damage by Scolytus Spp. To stone and pome fruit orchards in Israel
- Zvi Mendel, Shaul Ben-Yehuda, Ruth Marcus, David Nestel
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- Journal:
- Insect Science and Its Application / Volume 17 / Issue 2 / June 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 September 2011, pp. 175-181
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- June 1997
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During the last decade damage to stone-and pome-fruit orchards in Israel caused by bark beetles has increased. We present data on injury by Scolytus amygdali Geur. and S. rugulosus Muller to nine rosaceous fruit trees of Prunus spp., Malus silvestris, Pyrus malus, Cydonia oblonga and Eriobotrya japonica in 6 major regions in Israel. Approximately 64 and 18% of the sampled areas planted with stone- and pome-fruits, respectively, were damaged by bark beetles. The heaviest damage occurred on apricot, almond, peach, plum and cherry. Most of the area planted with stone fruits, and large areas planted with apple and pear, were damaged by bark beetles. The most widespread beetle damage occurred in the central mountain range and the southern coastal region, with approximately 96 and 92% of the sampled area damaged, respectively and the least occurred in the northern mountain range. Stone fruits are more susceptible to damage by bark beetles than apple and pear, while quince and loquat are virtually resistant. The level of damage appears to be influenced by grove management, host plant resistance to Capnodis spp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), climatic conditions and conditions in plots neighbouring the orchard.
Meeting of the Association for Symbolic Logic
- Ruth Barcan Marcus, William Boone, Richard Montague
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 31 / Issue 1 / March 1966
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- 12 March 2014, p. 147
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- March 1966
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Strict implication, deducibility and the deduction theorem
- Ruth Barcan Marcus
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 18 / Issue 3 / September 1953
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- 12 March 2014, pp. 234-236
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- September 1953
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Lewis and Langford state, “… it appears that the relation of strict implication expresses precisely that relation which holds when valid deduction is possible. It fails to hold when valid deduction is not possible. In that sense, the system of strict implication may be said to provide that canon and critique of deductive inference which is the desideratum of logical investigation.” Neglecting for the present other possible criticisms of this assertion, it is plausible to maintain that if strict implication is intended to systematize the familiar concept of deducibility or entailment, then some form of the deduction theorem should hold for it. The purpose of this paper is to analyze and extend some results previously established which bear on the problem.
We will begin with a rough statement of some relevent considerations. Let the system S contain among its connectives an implication connective ‘I’ and a conjunction connective ‘&’. Let A1, A2, …, An ⊦ B abbreviate that B is provable on the hypotheses A1, A2, …, An for a suitable definition of “proof on hypotheses”, where A1, A2, …, An, B are well-formed expressions of S.
The elimination of contextually defined predicates in a modal system
- Ruth Barcan Marcus
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Symbolic Logic / Volume 15 / Issue 2 / June 1950
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 March 2014, p. 92
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- June 1950
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In a recent note Bergmann states that “nonextensional languages may contain sentences from which contextually denned predicates are not eliminable.” A restatement of his argument is as follows. Suppose L is a functional calculus of fourth order. Included among the definitions occurring in L is
Let ϕ occur in A (where A represents a well-formed formula of L) without an argument. The elimination of ϕ from A in accordance with (1) requires
The proof of (2) depends on the principle of extensionality
Hence Bergmann's conclusion “no such general elimination rule can be constructed for nonextensional languages.”