More than 20 years ago, Dr. Thomas Hargrove, author and science editor at the International Rice Research Institute near Manila, witnessed the worst effects of the Pinatubo eruption on Manila, now a metropolitan area of 11.5 million people. During the previous 438 years of record keeping, Manila had been only minimally damaged by thin ash falls from neighboring volcanoes. As Hargrove described, when the ash is falling it is dramatically dark during the day and the ash is a terrible nuisance, but few lives were lost in Manila, a city overcrowded with cheek-by-jowl tenements and resort hotels that line Manila Bay. It even could be said that Manila benefits (albeit, rather) indirectly from the largest eruptions of its neighboring volcanoes. The business district of Makati, with its skyscrapers, is well above the bay and is located on a low plateau consisting of pyroclastic flow deposits from one or several of the geologically young calderas near Manila. In the event of earthquakes, Makati has an advantage because these volcanic units are less affected by ground acceleration. Parts of the city closer to Manila Bay overlie young, unconsolidated sediments, which do not provide a strong foundation for buildings during shaking. Given this situation, civic authorities rightly focus on the far greater hazards of typhoons, earthquakes, flooding, crime, and hunger; however, they must not overlook the threat from volcanoes.