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32 - Intracranial epilepsy monitoring using wireless neural recording systems

from Part VI - Brain interfaces

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2015

Gürkan Yilmaz
Affiliation:
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Catherine Dehollain
Affiliation:
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Sandro Carrara
Affiliation:
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Krzysztof Iniewski
Affiliation:
Redlen Technologies Inc., Canada
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Summary

Introduction

“How does the brain work?” This question, which has been asked throughout the history of mankind, is addressed by all branches of science, in particular life sciences, from different perspectives. Although all seek a different answer, the common feature that triggers the research is observation. This, together with curiosity, is what makes the beginning of a scientific study. From the electrical engineering perspective, observations are performed by recording the electrical signals generated by the neurons and interpreting the results. These interpretations guide the research of scientists who are trying to map the brain, or to understand the mechanisms behind neurological disorders, or to implement brain–machine interfaces [1]. Methods for recording the neural signals have evolved to the current state over decades, and the evolution still goes on. This chapter introduces the main concepts of the new-generation neural recording systems: implantable wireless neural recording systems with a case study on in vivo epilepsy monitoring.

Current clinical practice in recording electrical activities of the brain is dominated by electroencephalography (EEG) which is a non-invasive procedure performed along the scalp. Another type of EEG, intracranial EEG (iEEG; also known as electrocorticography, ECoG), is an invasive procedure which is performed by placing an electrode matrix (or array) onto the cortex following the craniotomy as presented in Figure 32.1 [2]. Intracranial EEG is employed for epileptic focus localization prior to the resective surgery [3] which is performed to treat certain types of epilepsy. New-generation neural recording systems [4] aim to alter two main features of conventional iEEG: (1) macro-sized iEEG electrodes will be replaced with microelectrode arrays (MEA) fabricated with microtechnology, and (2) transcutaneous wires carrying neural information will be eliminated thanks to wireless data communication.

Type
Chapter
Information
Handbook of Bioelectronics
Directly Interfacing Electronics and Biological Systems
, pp. 389 - 399
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

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