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Chapter 4 - Fundamentals of diffusion MR imaging

from Section 1 - Physiological MR techniques

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2013

By
Derek K. Jones
Edited by
Jonathan H. Gillard ,
Adam D. Waldman  and
Peter B. Barker
Jonathan H. Gillard
Affiliation:
University of Cambridge
Adam D. Waldman
Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Peter B. Barker
Affiliation:
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Summary

The basics of diffusion

Brownian motion and diffusion

In 1827, when looking through a microscope at pollen grains from Clarkia pulchella, Robert Brown (a botanist from Montrose in Scotland) observed tiny particles within the grains that appeared to move randomly.[1] Intrigued by these movements (and with “essence of life” investigations in vogue), he examined pollen – even dead pollen – from other species and found the same random motion. We now know that the motion that Brown observed was not, of course, arising from the “essence of life” but was caused by bombardment of the pollen grains by gas molecules. This random molecular motion, often known as Brownian motion, and more frequently as diffusion, is the topic of this chapter.

Diffusion is an essential physical process for the normal functioning of living systems. For example, the transport of metabolites into cells is facilitated by diffusion. As we will see in later chapters, studying diffusion has the potential to provide insights into both cell physiology and cell structure. Unlike other MR parameters, such as the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2), that are affected by experimental MR parameters, diffusion is an intrinsic property that is independent of the MR procedure employed to measure it.

Type
Chapter
Information
Clinical MR Neuroimaging
Physiological and Functional Techniques
 , pp. 44 - 67
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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