Introduction

This chapter presents the story of EU electoral rights from the date of the coming into force of the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 onwards. Thus it covers a period in which these electoral rights have become crystallised in EU law and practice in the form of the two EU implementing directives, 1 and in national law and practice. However, the chapter will concentrate on presenting the story from the perspective of EU law and policy. So far as national developments and the process of national adjustment are concerned, these are considered primarily from the perspective of the requirements of EU law, bearing in mind the supremacy of EU law, and the obligation on the Member States under Article 10 EC to ‘take all appropriate measures, whether general or particular, to ensure the fulfilment of the obligations arising under this Treaty’. The perspective from within the Member States, especially so far as concerns the relationship between EU electoral rights and other electoral rights under national law, as well as the interdependence between electoral rights and the wider framework of immigration law and policy, nationality law, and policies on minorities, will reappear in those specific national contexts in Chapters 8, 9 and 10. Possible extensions of the scope of EU electoral rights, derived from some of the controversies which they raise within the framework of EU law, are discussed in Chapters 6 and 7.

The impact and significance of EU electoral rights

Tracing the story of EU electoral rights through from 1993 to the present day, this chapter inevitably raises the question of the impact and significance of EU electoral rights, particularly as viewed from the perspective of the evolution of EU citizenship. In its Second Report on Citizenship of the Union in 1997, the Commission commented that: