Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of maps
- List of text-figures
- Preface
- PART I ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA
- PART II THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA
- 29 Israel and Judah from the coming of Assyrian domination until the fall of Samaria, and the struggle for independence in Judah (c. 750–700 B.C.)
- 30 Judah until the fall of Jerusalem (c. 700–586 B.C.)
- 31 The Babylonian Exile and the restoration of the Jews in Palestine (586–c. 500 B.C.)
- 32 Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization
- 33 Scythia and Thrace
- 34 Anatolia
- 34a The native kingdoms of Anatolia
- 34b Anatolian languages
- 35 Egypt: the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Dynasties
- Chronological Table
- Note on The Calendar
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Index
- Map 11: Phoenician and Punic sites in Spain
- Map 13: Scythia
- Map 14: Thrace
- References
34b - Anatolian languages
from 34 - Anatolia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
By
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of maps
- List of text-figures
- Preface
- PART I ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA
- PART II THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN AND THE BLACK SEA
- 29 Israel and Judah from the coming of Assyrian domination until the fall of Samaria, and the struggle for independence in Judah (c. 750–700 B.C.)
- 30 Judah until the fall of Jerusalem (c. 700–586 B.C.)
- 31 The Babylonian Exile and the restoration of the Jews in Palestine (586–c. 500 B.C.)
- 32 Phoenicia and Phoenician colonization
- 33 Scythia and Thrace
- 34 Anatolia
- 34a The native kingdoms of Anatolia
- 34b Anatolian languages
- 35 Egypt: the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Dynasties
- Chronological Table
- Note on The Calendar
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Index
- Map 11: Phoenician and Punic sites in Spain
- Map 13: Scythia
- Map 14: Thrace
- References
Summary
THE PHRYGIAN LANGUAGE
The Greeks had undoubtedly known of the Phrygians for an extremely long time. Certain writers, such as Herodotus and Hipponax, have left us some indication of the nature of their language, and Hesychius' Lexicon has provided us with glosses of unequal value. It is, however, largely from epigraphic sources that our knowledge of Phrygian is derived. These texts may be divided into two groups, separated in time by several centuries and originating from relatively different geographical regions. There can, however, be no doubt that we are dealing with two successive stages – separated by (for us) a long interruption – in the development of one and the same language.
The ancient, or Palaeo-Phrygian, texts are distributed over a vast area: Phrygia proper, including in particular Midas City (1 F etc.; Pls. Vol., pl. 241); Bithynia, where we have the longest extant text, that of Germanos; central Galatia, with Gordium, and eastern Galatia, with Bogazköy, Kalehisar, etc.; and Cappadocia, with the black stone of Tyana (19 F). For the most part, these are texts carved on some rock-cut facades of cult-places (in the west) and various graffiti on vases, the latter being particularly interesting on account of the script used (Fig. 48). There are, in all, close on 50 inscriptions on stone and over 170 graffiti. It is mainly for the graffiti that it has been possible to establish a chronological sequence. Many of the Gordium texts date from the fifth and fourth centuries, some even from the third; one of them, however, can be dated as far back as 750 B.C. (or even before), and the specimens from the Great Tumulus around 720.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 666 - 676Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1992
References
Die architektonischen Terrakotten kleinasiens (Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae, Series in 4°, XI). Lund, 1966Google Scholar
‘Kaynarca Tümülüsü Frig Çaǧi Bronz Eserleri’, Eski Eserler ve Müzeler Bülteni 11 (1987)Google Scholar
‘Cilicia and Babylonia under the Chaldaean kings’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 120 (1950)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Remarks on the appearance of the earliest coins’, in Studies Presented to George M. A. Hanfmann. Cambridge, Mass., 1971Google Scholar
‘Mycenaean and Protogeometric tombs in the Halicarnassus peninsula’, American Journal of Archaeology 67 (1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Electrum coins from Gordion’, in and (eds.) Essays in Greek Coinage Presented to Stanley Robinson. Oxford, 1968Google Scholar
‘The overland route across Anatolia in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.’, Anatolian Studies 11 (1961)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Die Hethiter. Die Kunstanatoliens vom Ende des 3. bis zum Anfang des 1. Jahrhunderts vor Christus. Munich, 1976Google Scholar
and ‘Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Boğazköy im Jahr 1969’, Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 102 (1970)Google Scholar
Excavations in Chios 1952–1955. Greek Emporio (Supplementary volume No. 6, B.S. Athens). London, 1967Google Scholar
Die Kleinfunde von Boğazköy (Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 87). Berlin, 1972Google Scholar
‘Phrygische Prunkgewänder des 8. Jahrhunderts vor Chr. Herkunft und Export’, Archäologischer Anzeiger (1973)Google Scholar
‘Bericht über die Grabungskampagne in Limyra 1983’, VI. Kazi Sonuçlari Toplantisi. Izmir, 1984 (Pottery referred to on p. and figs. 6–7)Google Scholar
‘Karische Sprache’, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart, 1893– Suppl. VI (1935)Google Scholar
Le dialecte grec de Pamphylie (Bibliothèque de l'Institut français d'Etudes anatoliennes d'Istanbul XXVI). Paris, 1976Google Scholar
‘Unouvrage sur la langue phrygienne’, Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire anciennes (1968) (concerning E 157, below)Google Scholar
‘Problèmes d'interprétation du phrygien’, Le déchiffrement des écritures et des langues. Paris, 1975Google Scholar
in , Three Great Early Tumuli = The Gordion Excavations, Final Report 1. Philadelphia, 1981Google Scholar
‘Palatalisations en grec et en phrygien’, Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris 77 (1982)Google Scholar
‘Patara yüzey araştirmasinin ön verileri hakkinda’, I. Araştirma Sonuçlari Toplantisi. Istanbul, 1983Google Scholar
‘Karer’ und ‘Karia’, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart, 1893– X (1919)Google Scholar
Monuments from Eastern Phrygia (Monumenta Asiae Minoris Antiqua VII), passim. Manchester, 1956Google Scholar
and ‘Dragon-houses: Euboia, Attika, Karia’, American Journal of Archaeology 81 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Die satzeinleitende Partikeln in den indogermanischen Sprachen Anatoliens (Incunabula Graeca XXXII). Rome, 1969Google Scholar
‘Phrygia. Geschichte’, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart, 1893– XX (1941)Google Scholar
Kleinasiatische Sprachdenkmäler, chapter X, ‘Phrygische Sprache’. Berlin, 1932. (With bibliography to 1932; texts cited as ‘I F’, etc.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Phrygia (Sprache)’, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart, 1893– 1941Google Scholar
Kleinasiatische Sprachdenkmäler, chapter IX, ‘Lydische Texte’. Berlin, 1932. (With bibliography to 1932; inscriptions numbered as in the corpus by , Sardis vi, Part II, Lydian Inscriptions. Leiden, 1924)Google Scholar
Kleinasiatische Sprachdenkmäler, chapter VII, ‘Lykische Texte’. Berlin, 1932. With bibliography to 1932; inscriptions numbered as in the corpus by , Tituli Lyciae lingua Lycia conscripti (Tituli Asiae Minoris I) Vienna, 1901CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleinasiatische Sprachdenkmäler, chapter VIII, ‘Karische Texte’. Berlin, 1932. (With bibliography to 1932)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and ‘The Black Stone of Tyana. Midas beyond the Halys’, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 1 (1907)Google Scholar
‘Lydian vases from western Asia Minor’, California Studies in Classical Antiquity 1 (1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Orientalizing pottery from Sardis: the Wild Goat style’, California Studies in Classical Antiquity 3 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘The Sardis campaigns of 1979 and 1980’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 249 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘The Sardis campaign of 1983’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Suppl. 24 (1986)Google Scholar
‘Studi Frigi’, Rendiconti del r. Istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere 92 (1958) and 93 (1959)Google Scholar
‘Nuovi contributi lidi’, Rendiconti del r. Istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere 95 (1961)Google Scholar
Neue epichorische Schriftzeugnisse aus Sardis (1958–1971) (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Monograph 3), Cambridge, Mass., 1975. Teil A, Lydische Sprachdenkmäler; Teil D, Die Inschrift der SynagogeGoogle Scholar
‘Die lydische Sprache’, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1975) (with bibliography for 1964–75)Google Scholar
‘Ein Weihrauchbrenner mit lydischer Inschrift im Metropolitan Museum’, Kadmos 22 (1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Concordanze e discordanze nella flessione nominale del licio e del luvio’, Rendiconti del r. Istituto Lombardo di scienze e lettere 94 (1960)Google Scholar
‘In margine alla trilingue licio-greco-aramaica di Xanthos’, Incontri Linguistici (Trieste) 2 (1975)Google Scholar
Neue epichorische Schriftzeugnisse aus Sardis … (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Monograph 3). Cambridge, Mass., 1975Google Scholar
‘Seals and sealings in Hittite lands’, in (ed.) From Athens to Gordion, Memorial Symposium for . Philadelphia, 1980Google Scholar
‘Die phrygischen Sprachdenkmäler’, Linguistique balkanique 10 (1966), with complements ibid. 19 (1976) and.Google Scholar
Sardis und Lydien (Abh. Ak. der Wiss. Geistes- und Sozialwiss. Klasse No.6). Mainz, 1960Google Scholar
From Croesus to Constantine. The Cities of Western Asia Minor and their Arts in Greek and Roman Times (Jerome lectures, tenth series). Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1975Google Scholar
and Sardis from Prehistoric to Roman Times. Results of the Archaeological Expedition of Sardis 1958–1975. Cambridge, Mass., 1983Google Scholar
and ‘New excavations at Sardis and some problems of Western Anatolian archaeology’, in Essays in Honor of Nelson Glueck. Near Eastern Archaeology in the Twentieth Century. New York, 1970Google Scholar
et al. Sardis excavation reports in: Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 154 (1959); 157 (1960); 158 (1960); 162 (1961); 166 (1962); 170 (1963); 174 (1964); 177 (1965); 182 (1966); 186 (1967); 191 (1968); 199 (1970); 203 (1971); 206 (1972); 211 (1973); 215 (1974)Google Scholar
‘Bemerkungen zu den neuphrygischen Fluchformeln’, Indogermanische Forschungen 64 (1958)Google Scholar
‘Lydisch’, in Handbuch der Orientalistik, volume Altkleinasiatische Sprachen. Leiden, 1969Google Scholar
‘Zur lykischen Verbalflexion’, Serta Indogermanica, Festschrift G. Neumann. Innsbruck, 1982Google Scholar
The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic Period. Leiden, 1961Google Scholar
‘Kleinasien zwischen Hethitern und Persern’, in Fischer Weltgeschichte. Die altorientalischen Reiche, III: Die erste Hälfte des 1. Jahrtausends. Frankfurt/Main, 1967Google Scholar
The Luwian Population Groups of Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic Period. Leiden, 1961Google Scholar
‘Phrygian animal style and nomadic art’, in Dark Ages and Nomads c. 1000 B.C.. Istanbul, 1964Google Scholar
The Lesser Tumuli: The Inhumations (Gordion Final Excavation Reports II:1). Philadelphia, 1991Google Scholar
and Gordion. Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung im Jahre 1900 (Jahrbuch des deutschen archäologischen Instituts, Ergänzungsheft 5). Berlin, 1904Google Scholar
‘Lettres cariennes: essai de déchiffrement de l'écriture carienne’, Kadmos 14 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Dendrochronology at Gordion and on the Anatolian Plateau’. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, 1979Google Scholar
Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches, I.1: The Propylaea. Lund, 1955. I.2: The Architecture of the Hieron. Lund, 1963. (Acta Institua Atheniensis Regni Sueciae V. I: 1 and 2)Google Scholar
‘Comparaison du louvite et du lycien’: [I] Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris 53 (1957–8); [II] ibid. 55 (1960);[III] ibid. 62 (1967)Google Scholar
‘La stèle trilingue récemment découverte au Létôon de Xanthos: le texte lycien’, Comptes-rendus de l' Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘L'inscription lycienne’, in Fouilles de Xanthos, VI. La stèle trilingue du Létôon. Paris, 1979. (In the same volume, contributions by , , )Google Scholar
Les Cultes indigoènes en Carie (Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 188). Paris, 1958Google Scholar
‘Que savons-nous de l'écriture et de la langue des Cariens?’, Bulletin de la Société de linguistique de Paris 68 (1973). (With detailed bibliography for 1932–72)Google Scholar
‘Un nouveau fragment d'inscription carienne de Kaunos’, Anadolu – Anatolia 17 (1973) [1975]Google Scholar
‘Le nom des Cariens dans quelques langues de l'antiquité’, Mélanges linguistiques offerts à E. Benveniste. Paris, 1975Google Scholar
‘Un lion de bronze de provenance égyptienne avec inscription carienne’, Kadmos 15 (1976)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carian Inscriptions from North Saqqara and Buhen, with contributions by and , Egypt Exploration Society. London, 1978Google Scholar
and Objets pharaoniques à inscription carienne (Institut français d'archéologie orientale, Bibliothèque d'étude XV). Cairo, 1956Google Scholar
‘Ein Buchstabenindex zu den karischen Schriftdenkmälern aus Aegypten’, Kadmos 18 (1979)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Die karischen Inschriften [aus Labraunda] = Labraunda, Swedish Excavations and Researches II.4. Stockholm, 1983Google Scholar
‘Excavations at Karataş-Semayük in Lycia’, American Journal of Archaeology 68 (1964); 69 (1965); 70 (1966); 71 (1967); 72 (1968); 73 (1969); 74 (1970); 75 (1971); 76 (1972); 77 (1973); 78 (1974); 78 (1975); 79 (1976)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Comments on a cuit relief of Kybele from Gordion’, Beiträge zur Altertumskunde Kleinasiens. Festschrift for K. Bittel, 349–60. Mainz, 1983.Google Scholar
‘Der indogermanische Charakter des Lydischen’, Festschrift H. Hirt 11. Heidelberg, 1936Google Scholar
‘Su alcune strofe miliache della Stele di Xanthos’, Mélanges E. Boisacq 11. Brussels, 1938Google Scholar
‘La declinazione del licio’, 1: Rendiconti della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei (1929); 11: ibid. (1979)Google Scholar
Les céramiques archaiques et classiques de l'Acropole (Fouilles de Xanthos IV). Paris, 1972Google Scholar
and ‘Die lykischen Münzlegenden’, Nachrichten von der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen (1978)Google Scholar
‘Beiträge zum Lykischen’: I: Die Sprache 7 (1961); 11: ibid. 8 (1962); III: ibid. 13 (1967); IV: ibid. 16 (1970); V: ibid. 20 (1974); VI: ibid. 30 (1984)Google Scholar
‘Lykisch’, in Handbuch der Orientalistik, volume Altkleinasiatische Sprachen. Leiden, 1969Google Scholar
‘Die lykischen Grabinschriften von Myra’, in (ed.) Myra, eine lykische Metropole (Istanbuler Forschungen 30) (1975)Google Scholar
‘Neufunde lykischer Inschriften seit 1901’, Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften, 135 (1979)Google Scholar
. Über die lydischen Königsgräber bei Sardes und den Grabhügel des Alyattes (Abh. Ak. Wiss. Berlin 1858) (1859)Google Scholar
The Interpretation of Dreams in the Ancient Near East with a Translation of an Assyrian Dream-Book (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society NS 46/3). Philadelphia, 1956CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Equestrian Bridle-Harness Ornaments (Ivories from Nimrud I.2). British School of Archaeology in Iran, 1967Google Scholar
and ‘Die Ausgrabungen an zwei Tumuli auf dem Mausoleumshügel bei Ankara’, Belleten 41 (1947)Google Scholar
Lykisch und Hittitisch (Danske Videnskabernen Selskab, Histor.-Filol. Meddelelser 30.4), 1945Google Scholar
Ancient Literary Sources on Sardis (Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Monograph 2). Cambridge, Mass., 1972CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Last of the matriarchs: a study in the inscriptions of Lycia’, Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 8 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum, 1.1: Prehellenic and Early Greek. London, 1928Google Scholar
Siedlungen und Bauten auf der Halbinsel von Halikarnassos (Istanbuler Mitteilungen Beiheft 3). Tübingen, 1970Google Scholar
and ‘The siting of Lydian burial mounds’, in Studies Presented to George M. A. Hanfmann. Cambridge, Mass., 1971Google Scholar
‘The Carian inscriptions from Egypt’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 68 (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ionian Trade and Colonization (Monographs on Archaeology and Fine Arts, Archaeological Institute of America). New York, 1959Google Scholar
The Political and Religious Structure in the Territory of Stratonikeia in Caria. Ankara, 1976Google Scholar
‘A Carian and three Greek inscriptions from Stratonikeia’, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 39 (1980)Google Scholar
‘Phrygian painted animals: Anatolian orientalizing art’, Anatolian Studies 24 (1974)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Iranische Wörter und Namen im Lykischen’, Serta Indogermanica, Festschrift G. Neumann, 1982Google Scholar
. Die Kaškäer. Ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie des alten Kleinasien. Berlin, 1965CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung der klein-asiatischen Buchstaben’, Kadmos 7 (1968)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
‘Göllüdağ’, American Journal of Archaeology 73 (1969); American Journal of Archaeology 74 (1970); Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi 17.2 (1969)Google Scholar
‘Hacituğrul-Yenidoğan’, American Journal of Archaeology 77 (1973); 78 (1974); 79 (1975); 80 (1976)Google Scholar
‘Some noteworthy Greek accessions. Lydia’, Museum Notes 12 (1966) (American Numismatic Society)Google Scholar
and ‘The Phrygian inscription of Germanos’, Annual of the Archaeological Museums of Istanbul 13–14 (1966)Google Scholar
‘Afyon’ u n Tatarli kasabasinda bulunan Phryg tümülüsü kazisi’, VIII. Türk Tarih Kongresi, Ankara 11–15 Ekim 1976, 1 (1979)Google Scholar
‘Kroisos’, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, Stuttgart, 1893– Suppl. 5 (1931)Google Scholar
Gordion excavation reports in: American Journal of Archaeology 59 (1955); 60 (1956); 61 (1957); 62 (1958); 63 (1959) (by ); 64 (1960); 66 (1962); 68 (1964); 70 (1966); 72 (1968); 74 (1970); 76 (1972); 78 (1974)Google Scholar
Three Great Early Tumuli (University Museum Monograph 43. The Gordion Excavations Final Reports 1). Philadelphia, 1981Google Scholar
Einige karische Inschriften aus Aegypten und Kleinasien und ihre Deutung nach der Entzifferung der karischen Schrift. Wiesbaden, 1972Google Scholar
- 3
- Cited by