Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Illustrations
- List of Figures
- List of Maps
- List of Tables
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Acknowledgments to the first edition of A History of Islamic Societies
- Acknowledgments to the second edition of A History of Islamic Societies
- Publisher's Preface
- Introduction to Islamic Societies
- Part I The Beginnings of Islamic Civilizations
- Part II From Islamic Community to Islamic Society
- Part III The Global Expansion of Islam from the Seventh to the Nineteenth Centuries
- Chapter 25 Introduction: Islamic Institutions
- The Western Islamic Societies
- Islam in Asia
- Chapter 30 Introduction: Empires and Societies
- Chapter 31 The Turkish Migrations and the Ottoman Empire
- Chapter 32 The Postclassical Ottoman Empire: Decentralization, Commercialization, and Incorporation
- Chapter 33 The Arab Provinces Under Ottoman Rule
- Chapter 34 The Safavid Empire
- Chapter 35 The Indian Subcontinent: The Delhi Sultanates and the Mughal Empire
- Chapter 36 Islamic Empires Compared
- Chapter 37 Inner Asia From the Mongol Conquests to the Nineteenth Century
- Chapter 38 Islamic Societies in Southeast Asia
- Islam in Africa
- Conclusion
- Glossary
- Bibliography
- Annotated Bibliography from A History of Islamic Societies, 2nd Edition
- Index
Chapter 31 - The Turkish Migrations and the Ottoman Empire
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 February 2013
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of Illustrations
- List of Figures
- List of Maps
- List of Tables
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Acknowledgments to the first edition of A History of Islamic Societies
- Acknowledgments to the second edition of A History of Islamic Societies
- Publisher's Preface
- Introduction to Islamic Societies
- Part I The Beginnings of Islamic Civilizations
- Part II From Islamic Community to Islamic Society
- Part III The Global Expansion of Islam from the Seventh to the Nineteenth Centuries
- Chapter 25 Introduction: Islamic Institutions
- The Western Islamic Societies
- Islam in Asia
- Chapter 30 Introduction: Empires and Societies
- Chapter 31 The Turkish Migrations and the Ottoman Empire
- Chapter 32 The Postclassical Ottoman Empire: Decentralization, Commercialization, and Incorporation
- Chapter 33 The Arab Provinces Under Ottoman Rule
- Chapter 34 The Safavid Empire
- Chapter 35 The Indian Subcontinent: The Delhi Sultanates and the Mughal Empire
- Chapter 36 Islamic Empires Compared
- Chapter 37 Inner Asia From the Mongol Conquests to the Nineteenth Century
- Chapter 38 Islamic Societies in Southeast Asia
- Islam in Africa
- Conclusion
- Glossary
- Bibliography
- Annotated Bibliography from A History of Islamic Societies, 2nd Edition
- Index
Summary
Turkish-Islamic States in Anatolia (1071–1243)
The Turkish migrations that gave rise to the Saljuq, Mongol, and Timurid empires in Iran also gave birth to a succession of Western Muslim empires. Oghuz peoples pushed their way into Georgia, Armenia, and Byzantine Anatolia, bringing Islam into territories not hitherto reached by the Arab conquests or Muslim expansion. At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Turks captured the Byzantine emperor, Romanos I. In the next century, they spread across Asia Minor.
The migrating peoples were organized into small bands of warriors (ghazis) under the leadership of chieftains (beys) or Sufi holy men (babas). Veneration of the chiefs and the desire to find rich pasturage, gather booty, and win victories against the infidels in the name of Islam held them together. The migrants did extensive damage to the countryside and cut off cities from their hinterlands and trading connections, but Turkish expansion was soon counterbalanced by the formation of states that attempted to stabilize and reconstruct the region.
Anatolia came under the Saljuq sultanate of Rum (c. 1077–c. 1308), whose rulers were remote relatives of the Saljuqs of Baghdad, with its capital at Konya. The Saljuqs of Rum, like earlier Middle Eastern Muslim states, employed Turkish nomadic forces but built up a large standing army of Turkish and Christian slaves and mercenaries. The administration was composed of Iranian scribes. In the early thirteenth century, a fiscal survey was taken, and tax revenue grants (iqta ) were distributed in return for military service. The Saljuqs appointed provincial governors. Energetic efforts were made to sedentarize and extract taxes from the pastoral population. The Saljuqs built caravansaries and encouraged maritime commerce on the Black Sea, the Aegean, and the Mediterranean. Still, there were many regions in tribal hands and a number of minor principalities outside of Saljuq control.
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- Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth CenturyA Global History, pp. 427 - 467Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2012