Summary. Although “newly” established, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are high-income industrialized economies. Primarily urban, their agriculture and agro-food sectors nevertheless remain important earners of foreign exchange. Since their founding and over the 20th century, their governments have been able to achieve success in the transformation of their agricultures. Their agricultures have benefited from meeting the five conditions. As in most OECD countries, their agriculture and agro-food sectors received substantial market-distorting price supports and subsidies after WWII. Economists rightly argue that these subsidies reduce the efficiency of global resource allocation, hence global growth. However, the success of their agricultural transformation raises the difficult question of whether these subsidies have played an essential role in such transformation. The sustained high productivity performance of agriculture in Australia and New Zealand without these price-distorting subsidies make a strong case that they are not.