A smart grid is conceptualized as the existing power grid supported by bi-directional communication networks. Therefore, with the help of communication networks, service providers have real-time information about energy supply and demand. Moreover, customers also have real-time price information, based on which they can consume energy in an optimized manner, so that the total energy consumption cost is reduced. In addition to communication networks, several distributed energy generation units (such as solar, wind, and combined heat power) are also integrated to deploy distributed energy management policies. These distributed units are known as micro-grids. Typically, a smart grid consists of the following components – micro-grid, smart meter, renewable energy sources, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) [1]. Figure 1.1 depicts a schematic view of the smart grid architecture. Table 1.1 presents the basic differences between the traditional power grid and the smart grid.

Smart Grid Framework and Communication Model

Smart grid framework was initially conceptualized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2009. Figure 1.2 shows the smart grid framework conceptualized by NIST in its framework version 1.0 (adopted from [2]). The smart grid framework includes several entities – operators, markets, customers, utility providers, generation units, transmission units, and distribution units. The role of operators includes monitoring of the overall smart grid system and implementation of policies, while considering the interests of other entities. On the other hand, utility providers act as middle-persons between the customers and the energy markets. Therefore, it is possible to