Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-m9kch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-30T18:08:48.947Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Select Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2014

Pippa Norris
Affiliation:
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbink, Jon. 2000. “Introduction: Rethinking democratization and election observation.” In Abbink, Jon and Hesseling, G. (Eds.), Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp. 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.. 2005. Economic Origins of Dictatorship or Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ākhatāra, Muhāmmada Iẏāhaiẏā. 2001. Electoral Corruption in Bangladesh. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Albaugh, E. A.An autocrat’s toolkit: Adaptation and manipulation in ‘democratic’ Cameroon.” Democratization 18(2): 388–414.CrossRef
Alesina, Alberto and Spolaore, Enrico. 2003. The Size of Nations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Allen, H. W. and Allen, K. W.. 1981. “Voting fraud and data validity.” In Clubb, J. M., Flanigan, W. H., and Zingale, H. (Eds.), Analyzing Electoral History. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 153–93.Google Scholar
Alston, L. J. and Gallo, A. A.. 2008. “Electoral fraud, the rise of Peron and demise of checks and balances in Argentina.” Explorations in Economic History 47(2): 179–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, Rae Atkeson, Lonna, and Hall, Thad E. (Eds.). 2012. Confirming Elections: Creating Confidence and Integrity through Election Auditing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and E. Hall, Thad. 2012. Evaluating Elections: A Handbook of Methods and Standards. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, Atkeson, Lonna Rae, Hall, Thad E., and Lotempio, Andrew J.. 2002. “Winning, losing and political trust in America.” British Journal of Political Science 32(2): 335–51.Google Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, Cheibub, José Antonio, Limongi, Fernando, and Przeworski, Adam. 1996. “Classifying political regimes.” Studies in International Comparative Development 31: 3–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael and Hall, Thad E.. 2006. “Controlling democracy: The principal agent problems in election administration.” Policy Studies Journal 34(4): 491–510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael and Hall, Thad E.. 2008. “Building secure and transparent elections through standard operating procedures.” Public Administration Review 68(5): 828–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, Thad, E. Hall, and Morgan, Llewellyn. 2008a. “Who should run elections in the United States?Policy Studies Journal 36(3): 325–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, Thad, E. Hall, and Morgan, Llewellyn. 2008b. “Are Americans confident their ballots are counted?Journal of Politics 70(3): 754–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez, R. Michael, E. Hall, Thad, and Hyde, Susan (Eds.). 2008. Election Fraud. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J. 1995. Blaming the Government: Citizens and the Economy in Five European Democracies. New York: M. E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J., Blais, Andre, Bowler, Shaun, Donovan, Todd, and Listhaug, Ola. 2005. Losers’ Consent: Elections and Democratic Legitimacy. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J. and Guillory, Christine A.. 1997. “Political institutions and satisfaction with democracy.” American Political Science Review 91(1): 66–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J. and Mendes, Silvia. 2006. “Learning to lose: Election outcomes, democratic experience and political protest potential.” British Journal of Political Science 36(1): 91–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J. and Tverdova, Y. V.. 2001. “Winners, losers, and attitudes about government in contemporary democracies.” International Political Science Review 22: 321–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Christopher J. and Tverdova, Yuliya V.. 2003. “Corruption, political allegiances, and attitudes toward government in contemporary democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 47(1): 91–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anglin, Douglas G. 1995. “International monitoring of the transition to democracy in South Africa, 1992–1994.” African Affairs 9(377): 519–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anglin, Douglas G. 1998. “International election monitoring: The African experience.” African Affairs 97: 471–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen. 2009. “Effects of identification requirements on voting: Evidence from the experiences of voters on election day.” PS: Political Science & Politics 42: 127–30.Google Scholar
Ansolabehere, Stephen, Hersh, Eitan, and Shepsle, Kenneth. 2012. “Movers, stayers, and registration: Why age is correlated with registration in the U.S.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 7(4): 333–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrington, Theodore S. 2010. “Redistricting in the US: A review of scholarship and plan for future research.” Forum: A Journal of Applied Research in Contemporary Politics 8(2).Google Scholar
Atkeson, Lonna Rae and Saunders, K. L.. 2007. “The effect of election administration on voter confidence: A local matter?PS: Political Science & Politics 40: 655–60.Google Scholar
Atkeson, Lonna Rae, Ann, Lisa Bryant, and Thad, E. Hall. 2010. “A new barrier to participation: Heterogeneous application of voter identification policies.” Electoral Studies 29(1): 66–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atwood, Richard. 2012. “How the EU can support peaceful post-election transitions of power: lessons from Africa.” Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union, Directorate B Policy Department, European Parliament, Brussels.
Baker, B. 2002. “When to call black white: Zimbabwe’s electoral reports.” Third World Quarterly 23(6): 1145–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balule, Badala Tachilisa. 2008. “Election management bodies in the SADC region: An appraisal of the independence of Botswana’s independent electoral commission.” South African Journal on Human Rights 24: 104–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banducci, Susan A. and Karp, Jeffrey A.. 1999. “Perceptions of fairness and support for proportional representation.” Political Behavior 21(3): 217–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bardall, Gabrielle. “Election violence monitoring and the use of new communication technologies.” Democracy & Society 7(2): 1–8.
Barkan, Joel D. 1993. “Kenya: Lessons from a flawed election.” Journal of Democracy 4(3): 85–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basedau, Matthais, Erdman, Gero, and Mehler, Andreas. 2007. Votes, Money and Violence: Political Parties in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.
Beaulieu, Emily. 2013. “Political parties and perceptions of election fraud in the U.S.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Challenges of Electoral Integrity, Harvard University, June 2–3, 2013.
Beaulieu, Emily and Hyde, Susan D.. 2009. “In the shadow of democracy promotion: Strategic manipulation, international observers, and election boycotts.” Comparative Political Studies 42(3): 392–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beber, Bernd and Scacco, Alexandra. 2012. “What the numbers say: A digit-based test for election fraud.” Political Analysis 20(2): 211–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekoe, Dorina (Ed.). 2012. Voting in Fear: Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC:United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Benson, J. F. 2009. “Voter fraud or voter defrauded? Highlighting an inconsistent consideration of election fraud.” Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 44(1): 1–42.Google Scholar
Berinsky, Adam J. 2004. “The perverse consequences of electoral reform in the United States.” American Politics Research 33(4): 471–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bermeo, Nancy. 2010. “Interests, inequality, and illusion in the choice for fair elections.” Comparative Political Studies 43(8–9): 1119–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhasin, Tavishi and Gandhi, Jennifer. 2013. “State repression in authoritarian elections.” Electoral Studies (Forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah. 2007. “Electoral systems and electoral misconduct.” Comparative Political Studies 40(12): 1533–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah 2008. “Electoral institutions and popular confidence in electoral processes: A cross-national analysis.” Electoral Studies 27(2): 305–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah 2010. “Perceptions of electoral fairness and voter turnout.” Comparative Political Studies 43(12): 1601–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah 2011. Electoral Malpractice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bjornlund, Eric C. 2004. Beyond Free and Fair: Monitoring Elections and Building Democracy. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
Bjornskov, C.How does social trust lead to better governance? An attempt to separate electoral and bureaucratic mechanisms.” Public Choice 144(1–2): 323–46.CrossRef
Bland, Gary, Green, Andrew, and Moore, Toby. 2012. “Measuring the quality of election administration.” Democratization, 1–20: 358–377Google Scholar
Blaydes, Lisa. 2011. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boatright, Robert G. (Ed.). 2011. Campaign Finance: The Problems and Consequences of Reform. New York: IDebate Press.Google Scholar
Bogaards, Matthijs. 2013. “Reexamining African elections.” Journal of Democracy 24(4):151–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bogaards, Matthijs, Basedau, Matthias, and Christof, Hartmann 2010. “Ethnic party bans in Africa: An introduction.” Democratization 17(4): 599–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael K., and Rosato, Sebastian. “A complete dataset of political regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies. Forthcoming.
Boniface, Makulilo Alexander. 2011. “‘Watching the watcher’: An evaluation of local election observers in Tanzania.” Journal of Modern African Studies 49(2): 241–62.Google Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2011. “Politically allocated land rights and the geography of electoral violence: The case of Kenya in the 1990s.” Comparative Political Studies 44(10): 1311–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowler, Shaun and Donovan, Todd. 2011. “The limited effects of election reforms on efficacy and engagement.” Australian Journal of Political Science 47(1): 55–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brancati, Dawn and Snyder, Jack L.. 2011. “Rushing to the polls: The causes of premature postconflict elections.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(3): 469–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Michael. 2008. “Vote buying and violence in Nigerian election campaigns.” Electoral Studies 27(4): 621–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Michael (Ed.). 2013. Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael and Walle, Nicholas van de. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bratton, Michael, Mattes, Robert, and Gyimah-Boadi, E.. 2005. Public Opinion, Democracy and Market Reform in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Breunig, Christian and Goerres, Achim. 2011. “Searching for electoral irregularities in an established democracy: Applying Benford’s Law tests to Bundestag elections in Unified Germany.” Electoral Studies 30(3): 534–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Nathan J. (Ed.). 2011. The Dynamics of Democratization: Dictatorship, Development and Diffusion. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jason 2008. “Bound to rule: Party institutions and regime trajectories in Malaysia and the Philippines.” Journal of East Asian Studies 8(1): 89–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jason 2009. “Portents of pluralism: How hybrid regimes affect democratic transitions.” American Journal of Political Science 53(3): 515–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brownlee, Jason 2011. “Executive elections in the Arab world: When and how do they matter?Comparative Political Studies 44(7): 807–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckley, Sam. 2011. Banana Republic UK? Vote Rigging, Fraud and Error in British Elections since 2001. London: Open Rights Group.Google Scholar
Bunce, Valerie J. and Wolchik, Sharon L.. 2006. “Favorable conditions and electoral revolutions.” Journal of Democracy 17: 5–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunce, Valerie J. and Wolchik, Sharon L. 2010. “Defeating dictators: Electoral change and stability in competitive authoritarian regimes.” World Politics 62(1): 43–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunce, Valerie J. and Wolchik, Sharon L. 2011. Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Post-Communist Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, David and Cain, Bruce E.. 1992. Congressional Redistricting: Comparative and Theoretical Perspectives. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Calimbahin, Cleo. 2011. “Exceeding (low) expectations: Autonomy, bureaucratic integrity, and capacity in the 2010 elections.” Philippine Political Science Journal 32(55): 103–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callahan, W. A. 2000. Poll Watching, Elections and Civil Society in South-East Asia. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Callahan, W. A. 2005. “The discourse of vote buying and political reform in Thailand.” Pacific Affairs 78, (1): 95–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, Tracy. 2006. Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, an American Political Tradition 1742–2004. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Carey, Sabine. 2007. “Violent dissent and rebellion in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 44(1): 1–39.Google Scholar
Carman, Christopher, Mitchell, James, and Johns, Robert. 2008. “The unfortunate natural experiment in ballot design: The Scottish Parliamentary elections of 2007.” Electoral Studies 27(3): 442–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carothers, Thomas. 1997. “The observers observed.” Journal of Democracy. 8(3): 17–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carothers, Thomas 2002. “The End of the Transition Paradigm.” Journal of Democracy 13: 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carreras, Miguel and Irepoglu, Yasmin. 2013. “Trust in elections, vote buying, and turnout in Latin America.” Electoral Studies 32(4): 609–619.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, David J. and Davis-Roberts, Avery. 2013. “The Carter Center and election observation: An obligations-based approach for assessing elections.” Election Law Journal. 12(1): 87–93.Google Scholar
Center, The Carter. Database of Obligations for Democratic Elections. Atlanta:Carter Center.
Casas-Zamora, Kevin. 2004. Paying for Democracy. Essex: European Consortiunm for Political Research (ECPR) Press.Google Scholar
Case, William. 2011. “Electoral authoritarianism and backlash: Hardening Malaysia, oscillating Thailand.” International Political Science Review 32(4): 438–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castaneda, Gonzalo. 2011. “Benford’s law and its applicability in the forensic analysis of electoral results.” Politica Y Gobierno 18(2): 297–329.Google Scholar
Castaneda, Gonzalo and Ibarra, I.. “Detection of fraud with agent-based models: The 2006 Mexican election.” Perfiles Latinoamericanos 18(36): 43–69.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Gleditsch, Kristian S., and Hug, Simon. 2012. “Elections and civil war.” Comparative Political Studies 46(3): 387–417.Google Scholar
Celestino, Mauricio Rivera and Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. 2013. “Fresh carnations or all thorn, no rose? Nonviolent campaigns and transitions in autocracies.” Journal of Peace Research 50(3): 385–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaisty, Paul and Whitefield, Steven. 2013. “Forward to democracy or back to authoritarianism? The attitudinal bases of mass support for the Russian election protests of 2011–2012.” Post-Soviet Affairs, 29(5): 387–403.Google Scholar
Chand, Vikram. 1997. “Democratisation from the outside in: NGO and international efforts to promote open elections.” Third World Quarterly 18(3): 543–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaturvedi, Ashish. 2005. “Rigged elections with violence.” Public Choice 125(1/2): 189–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheibub, Jose Antonio, Gandhi, Jennifer, and Vreeland, James Raymond. 2010. “Democracy and dictatorship revisited.” Public Choice 143(1–2): 67–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cingranelli, David L., Richards, David L., and Chad Clay, K.. 2013. The Cingranelli-Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Dataset.
Collier, Paul. 2009. Wars, Guns and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke. 1998. “On economic causes of civil war.” Oxford Economic Papers-New Series 50(4): 563–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke 2002. “On the incidence of civil war in Africa.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46(1): 13–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul and Hoeffler, Anke 2004. “Greed and grievance in civil war.” Oxford Economic Papers-New Series 56(4): 563–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Rohner, Dominic. 2009. “Beyond greed and grievance: Feasibility and civil war.” Oxford Economic Papers-New Series 61(1): 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Soderbom, Mans. 2008. “Post-conflict risks.” Journal of Peace Research 45(4): 461–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul, Hoeffler, Anke, and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2005. “The Collier-Hoeffler model of civil war onset and the case study project research design.” Ch 1 in Understanding Civil War. Eds. Collier, Paul and Sambanis, Nicolas. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar
Collier, Paul and Vicente, Pedro. 2011. “Violence, bribery and fraud: the political economy of elections in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Public Choice. 153(1): 1–31.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 2012. Democratization and Research Methods. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, Stephen C., Martinez, Michael D., and Gainous, Jason 2006. “Winners, losers, and election context: Voter responses to the 2000 presidential election.” Political Research Quarterly 59(4): 579–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruz, R. C. 2001. “Voting for the unexpected: Electoral fraud and political struggle in Costa Rica (1901–1948).” Journal of Latin American Studies 33: 893–94.Google Scholar
Curtice, John. 2013. “Politicians, voters and democracy: The 2011 UK referendum on the Alternative Vote.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 215–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
D’Anieri, Paul (Ed.). 2010. Orange revolution and aftermath: Mobilization, apathy, and the state in Ukraine. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Davenport, Christian. 1997. “From ballots to bullets: An empirical assessment of how national elections influence state uses of political repression.” Electoral Studies 6(4): 517–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, Christian 2007a. “State repression and political order.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, Christian 2007b. State Repression and the Domestic Democratic Peace. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, Christian and Inman, Molly. 2012. “The state of state repression research since the 1990s.” Terrorism and Political Violence 24(4): 619–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis-Roberts, Avery and Carroll, David J.. 2010. “Using international law to assess elections.” Democratization. 17(3): 416–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daxecker, Ursula E. 2012. “The cost of exposing cheating: International election monitoring, fraud, and post-election violence in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research 49(4): 503–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daxecker, Ursula E. and Schneider, Gerald. 2014. “Electoral monitoring.” In Advancing Electoral Integrity. Eds. Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W. and Coma, Ferran Martinez I. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Debrah, Emmanuel. 2011. “Measuring governance institutions’ success in Ghana: The case of the Electoral Commission, 1993–2008.” African Studies 70(1): 25–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deckert, Joseph, Myagkov, Mikhail, and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 2011. “Benford’s Law and the detection of election fraud.” Political Analysis 19: 245–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denver, David, Johns, R., and Carman, C.. 2009. “Rejected ballot papers in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election: The voters’ perspective.” British Politics 4(1): 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dercon, Stefan and Gutierrez-Romero, Roxana. 2012. “Triggers and characteristics of the 2007 Kenyan electoral violence.” World Development 40(4): 731–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry. 2002. “Thinking about hybrid regimes.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, Larry and Morlino, Leonardo. 2004. “Quality of democracy: An overview.” Journal of Democracy 15(4): 20–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doherty, David and Wolak, Jennifer. 2012. “When do the ends justify the means? Evaluating procedural fairness.” Political Behavior 34(2): 301–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donno, Daniella. 2010. “Who is punished? Regional intergovernmental organizations and the enforcement of democratic norms.” International Organization 64(4): 593–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donno, Daniella 2013a. Defending Democratic Norms. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donno, Daniella 2013b. “Elections and democratization in authoritarian regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 57(3): 703–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donno, Daniella and Simpser, Alberto. 2012. “Can international election monitoring harm governance?Journal of Politics. 74(2): 501–13.Google Scholar
Donno, Daniella and Roussias, Nasos. 2012. “Does cheating pay? The effect of electoral misconduct on party systems.” Comparative Political Studies. 45(5):575–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donsanto, C. C. 2008. “Corruption in the electoral process under U.S. federal law.” In Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation. Eds. Alvarez, R. Michael, Hall, Thad E., and Hyde, Susan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Doyle, Michael W and Sambanis, Nicolas. 2000. “International peace-building: A theoretical and quantitative analysis.” American Political Science Review 94(4): 779–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drometer, Marcus and Johannes, Rincke. 2009. “The impact of ballot access restrictions on electoral competition: Evidence from a natural experiment.” Public Choice 138(3–4): 461–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunning, Thad. 2011. “Fighting and voting: Violent conflict and electoral politics.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(3): 327–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunning, Thad 2012. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, T. A. 2004. “Catching the state off guard: Electoral courts, campaign finance, and Mexico’s separation of state and ruling party.” Party Politics 10(6): 723–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, Joakim. 2009. “Political participation and regime stability: A framework for analyzing hybrid regimes.” International Political Science Review 30(1): 7–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elklit, Jørgen. 1999. “Electoral institutional change and democratization: You can lead a horse to water, but you can’t make it drink.” Democratization 6(4): 28–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elklit, Jørgen and Reynolds, Andrew. 2002. “The impact of election administration on the legitimacy of emerging democracies: A new comparative politics research agenda.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 40(2): 86–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elklit, Jørgen and Reynolds, Andrew 2005A framework for the systematic study of election quality.” Democratization 12(2): 147–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elklit, Jørgen and Svensson, Palle. 1997. “What makes elections free and fair?Journal of Democracy 8(3): 32–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elklit, Jørgen and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. Coding Manual: Assessing Election and Election Management Quality, 2011.
Estevez, Federico, Magar, Eric, and Rosas, Guillermo. 2008. “Partisanship in non-partisan electoral agencies and democratic compliance: Evidence from Mexico’s Federal Electoral Institute.” Electoral Studies 27(2): 257–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evrensel, Astrid (Ed.). 2010. Voter Registration in Africa: A Comparative Analysis. Johannesburg: EISA.Google Scholar
Ewing, Keith. 2009. The Funding of Political Parties in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fawn, Rick. 2006. “Battle over the box: International election observation missions, political competition and retrenchment in the post-Soviet space.” International Affairs 82(6):1133–+.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fell, Dafydd. 2005. Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Fife, Brian L. 2010. Reforming the Electoral Process in America. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. “International norm dynamics and political change.” International Organization 52(3): 887–917.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, Jeff. 2002. Electoral Conflict and Violence. Washington, DC: IFES.Google Scholar
Fishkin, Joseph. 2011. “Equal citizenship and the individual right to vote.” Indiana Law Journal 86(4): 1289–1360.Google Scholar
Flores, Thomas Edward and Nooruddin, Irfan. 2012. “The effect of elections on post-conflict peace and reconstruction.” Journal of Politics 74(2): 558–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forest, Benjamin. 2012. “Electoral redistricting and minority political representation in Canada and the United States.” Canadian Geographer 56(3): 318–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foweraker, Joseph and Krznaric, R.. 2002. “The uneven performance of third wave democracies: Electoral politics and the imperfect rule of law in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 44(3): 29–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, Mark. 2004. Voter Turnout and the Dynamics of Electoral Competition in Established Democracies since 1945New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franzese, R. J. 2002. “Electoral and partisan cycles in economic policies and outcomes.” Annual Review of Political Science 5: 369–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frazer, Jendayi E. and Gyimah-Boadi, E. (Eds.). 2011. Preventing Electoral Violence in Africa. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Mellon University.Google Scholar
Fukumoto, Kentaro and Horiuchi, Yusaku. 2011. “Making outsiders’ votes count: Detecting electoral fraud through a natural experiment.” American Political Science Review 105(3): 586–603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fund, John H. 2004. Stealing Elections: How Voter Fraud Threatens Our Democracy. San Francisco, CA: Encounter Books.Google Scholar
Fung, Archon. 2011. “Popular election monitoring.” In Race, Reform and Regulation of the Electoral Process: Recurring Puzzles in American Democracy. Eds. Gerken, Heather, Charles, Guy-Uriel E., and Kang, Michael S.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gandhi, Jennifer and Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2009. “Elections under authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 403–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What do we know about democratization after twenty years?Annual Review of Political Science 2: 115–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geisler, G. 1993. “Fair – what has fairness got to do with it? Vagaries of election observations and democratic standards.” Journal of Modern African Studies 31(4): 613–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gelman, Andrew and King, Gary. 1994. “Enhancing democracy through legislative redistricting.” American Political Science Review 88(3): 541–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geys, Benny. 2006. “Explaining voter turnout: A review of aggregate-level research.” Electoral Studies 25(4): 637–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, Leah and Payam, Mohseni. 2011. “Beyond authoritarianism: The conceptualization of hybrid regimes.” Studies in Comparative International Development 46(3): 270–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gingerich, D. W. 2009. “Ballot structure, political corruption, and the performance of proportional representation.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 21(4): 509–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. 2012. Deepening Democracy: A Strategy for Improving the Integrity of Elections Worldwide. Sweden: IDEA.Google Scholar
Goodwin-Gill, Guy. S. 2006. Free and Fair Elections. 2nd ed. Geneva: Inter-parliamentary Union.Google Scholar
Gosnell, Herbert F. 1968. Machine Politics: Chicago Model. 2nd ed.. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Ari and Mattes, Robert. 2013. “Does the quality of elections affect the consolidation of democracy?” In Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa. Ed. Bratton, Michael. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Greene, Kenneth F. 2007. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grömping, Max. 2012. “Many Eyes of Any Kind? Comparing Traditional and Crowd-sourced Monitoring and their Contribution to Democracy.” Paper presented at the Second International Conference on International Relations and Development, July 2012 in Thailand.
Gronke, Paul. 2013. “Are we confident in voter confidence? Conceptual and methodological challenges in survey measures of electoral integrity.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Challenges of Electoral Integrity, Harvard University June 2–3, 2013.
Gronke, Paul and Toffey, Daniel Krantz. 2008. “The psychological and institutional determinants of early voting.” Journal of Social Issues. 64(3): 503–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gronke, Paul, Galanes-Rosenbaum, Eva, and A. Miller, Peter. 2007. “Early Voting and Turnout.” PS: Political Science and Politics 40(4): 639–45.Google Scholar
Gronke, Paul, Galanes-Rosenbaum, Eva, Miller, Peter A., and Toffey, Daniel. 2008. “Convenience voting.” Annual Review of Political Science. 11:437–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gunlicks, Arthur B. (Ed.). 1993. Campaign and Party Finance in North America and Western Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Gustafson, Marc. 2010. “Elections and the probability of violence in Sudan.” Harvard International Law Journal Online 51: 47–62.
Hadenius, Axel and Teorell, Jan. 2007. “Pathways from authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy 18(1): 143–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafner Burton, Emilie M., Hyde, Susan D., and Jablonski, Ryan S.. 2014. “When Do Governments Resort to Election Violence?British Journal of Political Science 44(1): 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hale, Henry E. 2011. “Formal constitutions in informal politics: Institutions and democratization in post-Soviet Eurasia.” World Politics 63(4): 581–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, Thad E. 2011. “Voter opinions about election reform: Do they support making voting more convenient?Election Law Journal 10(2): 73–87.Google Scholar
Hall, Thad E., Monson, J. Quin, and Patterson, Kelly D.. 2009. “The human dimension of elections: How poll workers shape public confidence in elections.” Political Research Quarterly 62(3):507–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamm, Keith E. and Hogan, Robert E. 2008. “Campaign finance laws and decisions in state legislative candidacy elections.” Political Research Quarterly 61(3): 458–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Handley, Lisa and Grofman, Bernie. 2008. Redistricting in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hanham, H. J. 1959. Elections and Party Management: Politics in the Time of Disraeli and Gladstone. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Hanmer, Michael J. 2009. Discount Voting: Voter Registration Reforms and Their Effects. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanmer, Michael J. and Traugott, Michael W.. 2004. “The impact of Vote-By-Mail on voter behavior.” American Politics Research 32:375–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasen, Richard L. 2012. The Voting Wars: From Florida 2000 to the Next Election Meltdown. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Hasseling, Gerti and Abbink, Jon (Eds.). 2000. Election Observation and Democratization in Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hausmann, Ricardo and Roberto, Rigobon. 2011. “In search of the black swan: Analysis of the statistical evidence of electoral fraud in Venezuela.” Statistical Science 26(4): 543–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidenheimer, Arnold J., Johnston, Michael, and Levine, V. T. (Eds.). 1990. Political Corruption: A Handbook. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.Google Scholar
Heinzelman, Jessica and Meier, Patrick. 2012. “Crowdsourcing for human rights monitoring: Challenges and opportunities for verification.” In Human Rights and Information Communication Technologies: Trends and Consequences of Use. Ed. Lannon, John. New York: IGI Global.Google Scholar
Hermet, Guy, Rose, Richard, and Rouquié, Alain (Eds.). 1978. Elections without Choice. London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnson, Paul S., Niemi, Richard G., and Hanmer, Michael J.. 2012. “The impact of ballot type on voter errors.” American Journal of Political Science 56: 716–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnson, Paul S., Niemi, Richard G., Hanmer, Michael J., Bederson, Benjamin B., Conrad, Frederick G., and Traugott, Michael W.. 2008. Voting Technology: The Not-So-Simple Act of Casting a Ballot. Washington, DC: Brookings.Google Scholar
Herron, Erik S.The effect of passive observation methods on Azerbaijan’s 2008 presidential election and 2009 referendum.” Electoral Studies 29(3): 417–24.CrossRef
Herron, Erik S. 2009. Elections and Democracy after Communism?New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hershey, Marjorie Randon. 2009. “What we know about voter ID Laws, registration, and turnout.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 42:87–91.Google Scholar
Hillman, Ben. 2013. “Public administration reform in post-conflict societies: Lessons from Aceh, Indonesia.” Public Administration and Development 33(1): 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoglund, Kristine. 2009. “Electoral violence in conflict-ridden societies: Concepts, causes, and consequences.” Terrorism and Political Violence 21(3): 412–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoglund, Kristine and Jarstad, Anna K. 2011. “Toward electoral security: Experiences from KwaZulu-Natal.” Africa Spectrum 46(1): 33–59.Google Scholar
Howard, Marc Morjé and Roessler, Philip G.. 2006. “Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 50(2):365–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, Patrick and Justwan, Florian. 2013. “Nail-biters and no-contests: The effect of electoral margins on satisfaction with democracy in winners and losers.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 334–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, Glenn and Kane, Tim. 2013. “In defense of Citizens United: Why campaign finance reform threatens American democracy.” Foreign Affairs 92(4): 126–33.Google Scholar
Hyde, Susan. D. 2007a. “Experimenting in democracy promotion: international observers and the 2004 presidential elections in Indonesia.” Perspectives on Politics 8(2): 511–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyde, Susan. D. 2007b. “The observer effect in international politics: Evidence from a natural experiment.” World Politics 60(1): 37–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyde, Susan. D. 2011. The Pseudo-Democrat’s Dilemma. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyde, Susan. D. and Marinov, Nikolay. 2012. “Which elections can be lost?Political Analysis. 20(2): 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ichino, Nahomi and Schuendeln, Matthias. 2012. “Deterring or displacing electoral irregularities? Spillover effects of observers in a randomized field experiment in Ghana.” Journal of Politics 74(1): 292–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
International IDEA. 2002. International Electoral Standards: Guidelines for Reviewing the Legal Framework for Elections. Stockholm: International IDEA.Google Scholar
International IDEA 2004. Handbook on the Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns. Stockholm: International IDEA.Google Scholar
International IDEA 2006. Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. Sweden: International IDEA.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Kristof and Leyenaar, Monique. 2011. “A conceptual framework for major, minor, and technical electoral reform.” West European Politics 34(3): 495–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Toby S. 2010a. “Electoral administration and voter turnout: Towards an international public policy continuum.” Representation 45(4): 369–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Toby S. 2010b. “Electoral modernisation or elite statecraft? Electoral administration in the U.K. 1997–2007.” British Politics, 5(2): 179–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Toby S. 2012. Elite Statecraft and Election Administration: Bending the Rules of the Game. Basingstoke: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jockers, Heinz, Kohnert, Dirk, and Nugent, Paul. 2010. “The successful Ghana election of 2008: A convenient myth?Journal of Modern African Studies 48(1): 95–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Douglas W. and Simons, Barbara. 2012. Broken Ballots: Will your Vote Count?Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kairys, David. 2013. “The contradictory messages of Rehnquist-Roberts era speech law: Liberty and justice for some.” University of Illinois Law Review 1: 195–220.Google Scholar
Kalandadze, Katya and Orenstein, Mitchell A.. 2009. “Electoral protests and democratization beyond the color revolutions.” Comparative Political Studies 42(11): 1403–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, M. S. 2005. “The hydraulics and politics of party regulation.” Iowa Law Review 91(1): 131–87.Google Scholar
Katz, Richard S. 2005. “Democratic principles and judging ‘free and fair.’Representation 41(3):161–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keefer, Philip and Vlaicu, R.. 2008. “Democracy, credibility, and clientelism.” Journal of Law Economics & Organization 24(2): 371–406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Judith. 2008. “Assessing the complex evolution of norms: The rise of international election monitoring.” International Organization 62(2): 221–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Judith 2009a. “D-Minus Elections: The politics and norms of international election observation.” International Organization 63 (4): 765–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Judith 2009b. “The more the merrier? The effects of having multiple international election monitoring organizations.” Perspectives on Politics 7: 59–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Judith 2010a. “Election observers and their biases.” Journal of Democracy 21: 158–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Judith 2010b. Quality of Elections Data Codebook.
Kelley, Judith 2011. “Do international election monitors increase or decrease opposition boycotts?Comparative Political Studies 44(11): 1527–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, Judith 2012a. “The international influences on elections in transition states.” Annual Review of Political Science15: 203–20.Google Scholar
Kelley, Judith 2012b. Monitoring Democracy: When International Election Observation Works and Why It Often Fails. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kelley, Judith Project on International Election Monitoring
Kerr, Nicholas. 2014. “Public perceptions of election quality in Africa: A cross-national analysis.” In Advancing Electoral Integrity. Eds. Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard, and Coma, Ferran Martinez I. New York: Oxford University Press.
Keyssar, Alexander. 2009. The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States, revised ed. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Kitschelt, Herbert and Wilkinson, Steven L. (Eds.). 2007. Patrons, Clients and Policies. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, A.The puzzle of ineffective election campaigning in Japan.” Japanese Journal of Political Science 12: 57–74.CrossRef
Koehler, Kevin. 2008. “Authoritarian elections in Egypt: Formal institutions and informal mechanisms of rule.” Democratization 15(5): 974–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koss, Michael. 2008. “The convergence of party funding regimes in Western Europe: Towards an analytical framework.” Osterreichische Zeitschrift Fur Politikwissenschaft 37(1): 63+.Google Scholar
Koss, Michael 2011. The Politics of Party Funding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Krook, Mona Lena. 2009. Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, Krishna. 1998. Post-Conflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner Publishers.Google Scholar
Kuntz, Philipp and Thompson, Mark R. 2009. “More than just the final straw: Stolen elections as revolutionary triggers.” Comparative Politics 41(3): 253–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landman, Todd and Carvalho, Edzia. 2010. Measuring Human Rights. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lanning, K. 2008. “Democracy, voting, and disenfranchisement in the United States: A social psychological perspective.” Journal of Social Issues 64(3): 431–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lasthuizen, Karin, Huberts, Leo, and Heres, Leonie. 2011. “How to measure integrity violations.” Public Management Review 13(3): 383–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laycock, Samantha, Renwick, Alan, Stevens, Daniel, and Vowles, Jack. 2013. “The UK’s electoral reform referendum of May 2011.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 211–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lean, S. F. 2007. “Democracy assistance to domestic election monitoring organizations: Conditions for success.” Democratization, 14(2): 289–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leduc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard, and Norris, Pippa (Eds.). 2010. Comparing Democracies 3: Elections and Voting in the 21st Century. London: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard. 2002. “Can parties police themselves? Electoral governance and democratization.” International Political Science Review 23(1): 29–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard. 2003. “Electoral fraud: Causes, types, and consequences.” Annual Review of Political Science 6: 233–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard and Jiménez, Iván Molina. 2002. Stuffing the Ballot Box: Fraud, Electoral Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lessig, Lawrence. 2011. Republic, Lost. New York: Twelve.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan A.. 2010a. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan A.. 2010b. “Why democracy needs a level playing field.” Journal of Democracy 21(1): 57–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leyenaar, Monique and Hazan, Reuven Y.. 2011. “Reconceptualising electoral reform.” West European Politics 34(3): 437–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945–1990. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan. I. 2005. “Consequences of electoral systems in Africa: A preliminary inquiry.” Electoral Studies 24, (1): 41–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan. I. 2006a. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan. I. 2006b. “The surprising significance of African elections.” Journal of Democracy 17 (1): 139–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan. I. (Ed.). 2009. Democratization by Elections: A New Mode of Transition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lindberg, Staffan I. 2013. “Confusing Categories, Shifting Targets.” Journal of Democracy 24(4): 161–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Andrew T. 2012. “Elections, fraud, and election monitoring in the shadow of revolution.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 7(3): 249–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lo, B. B. 2003. “Russian elections: Uncivil state.” World Today 59 (11): 22–24.Google Scholar
López-Pintor, Rafael. 2000. Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance. New York: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
López-Pintor, Rafael 2010. Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies: A Basic Conceptual Framework. Washington, DC: The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES).Google Scholar
López-Pintor, Rafael and Fischer, Jeff. 2005. Getting to the CORE: On the Cost of Registration and Elections. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar
Lukinova, Evgeniya, Myagkov, Mikhail, and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 2011. “Ukraine 2010: Were Tymoshenko’s cries of fraud anything more than smoke?Post-Soviet Affairs 27(1): 37–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2000. “Legislative politics in the Arab world: The resurgence of democratic institutions.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 32(3): 420–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen 2004. “Divided they rule: The management and manipulation of political opposition.” Comparative Politics 36(2): 159–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lust-Okar, Ellen and Jamal, Amaney. 2002. “Rulers and rules: Reassessing the influence of regime type on electoral law formation.” Comparative Political Studies 35(3): 337–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Gabrielle and Crawford, Gordon. 2011. “Democratization in Africa 1990–2010: An assessment.” Democratization 18 (2): 275–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz 2008. “Credible power-sharing and the longevity of authoritarian rule.” Comparative Political Studies 41(4–5): 715–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magaloni, Beatriz 2010. “The game of electoral fraud and the ousting of authoritarian rule.” American Journal of Political Science 54(3): 751–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makulilo, Alexander Boniface. 2011. “‘Watching the watcher’: An evaluation of local election observers in Tanzania.” Journal of Modern African Studies 49(2): 241–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez i Coma, Ferran and Frank, Richard W.. 2014. “Expert judgments.” In Advancing Electoral Integrity, chapter 4. Eds. Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W., and Coma, Ferran Martinez I. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Massicotte, Louis, Blais, Andre, and Yoshinaka, Antoine. 2004. Establishing the Rules of the Game. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
McAllister, Ian and White, Stephen. 2011. “Public perceptions of electoral fairness in Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 63(4): 663–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCann, J. A., and Dominguez, Jorge I.. 1998. “Mexicans react to electoral fraud and political corruption: An assessment of public opinion and voting behavior.” Electoral Studies 17(4): 483–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, Michael P. 2004. “A Comparative Analysis of Redistricting Institutions in the United States, 2001–02.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 4: 371–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, Michael P. and Popkin, Samuel. 2001. “The myth of the vanishing voter.” American Political Science Review 95(4): 963–74.Google Scholar
McFaul, Michael and Petrov, N.. 2004. “What the elections tell us.” Journal of Democracy 15(3): 20–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGrath, Amy. 1997. Corrupt Elections: Ballot Rigging in Australia. Sydney, NSW: H. S. Chapman Society.Google Scholar
Mebane, Walter R., Jr. 2012. “Comment on Benford’s Law and the detection of election fraud.” Political Analysis 19(3): 269–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, M. and Booker, J.. 1991. Eliciting and Analyzing Expert Judgment: A Practical Guide. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mickiewicz, Ellen. 1997. Changing Channels: Television and the Struggle for Power in Russia. New York:Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mickiewicz, Ellen 2008. Television, Power, and the Public in Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minnite, Lorraine Carol. 2010. The Myth of Voter Fraud. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Moehler, D. C. 2009. “Critical citizens and submissive subjects: Elections losers and winners in Africa.” British Journal of Political Science 39(2): 345–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moehler, D. C. and Lindberg, Staffan I.. 2009. “Narrowing the legitimacy gap: Turnovers as a cause of democratic consolidation.” Journal of Politics 71(4): 1448–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molina, I. and Lehoucq, Fabrice Edouard. 1999. “Political competition and electoral fraud: A Latin American case study.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 30(2): 199+.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moller, Jorgen and Skaaning, Svend-Erik. 2010a. “Beyond the radial delusion: Conceptualizing and measuring democracy and non-democracy.” International Political Science Review 31(3): 261–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moller, Jorgen and Svend-Erik, Skaaning" 2010b. “Post-communist regime types: Hierarchies across attributes and space.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 43(1): 51–71.Google Scholar
Montjoy, Robert S. 2008. “The public administration of elections.” Public Administration Review 68 (5): 788–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montjoy, Robert S. 2010. “The changing nature … and costs … of election administration.” Public Administration Review 70(6): 867–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morse, Yonatan L. 2012. “The era of electoral authoritarianism.” World Politics 64(1): 161–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mozaffar, Shaheen and Schedler, Andreas. 2002. “The comparative study of electoral governance: Introduction.” International Political Science Review 23(1): 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munck, Geraldo L. 2009. Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Press.Google Scholar
Munck, Geraldo L. and Verkuilen, Jay. 2002a. “Conceptualizing and measuring democracy: Evaluating alternative indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 5–34.Google Scholar
Munck, Geraldo L. and Verkuilen, Jay 2002b. “Generating better data: A response to discussants.” Comparative Political Studies 35(1): 52–57.Google Scholar
Myagkov, Mikhail and Ordeshook, Peter C.. 2005. “The trail of votes in Ukraine’s 1998, 1999, and 2002 elections.” Post-Soviet Affairs 21(1): 56–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myagkov, Mikhail and Ordeshook, Peter C. 2008. “Ukraine’s 2007 parliamentary elections free and fair, or fraud once again?Problems of Post-Communism 55(6): 33–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myagkov, Mikhail, Ordeshook, Peter C., and Shakin, Dimitri. 2005. “Fraud or fairytales: Russia and Ukraine’s electoral experience.” Post-Soviet Affairs 21(2): 91–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myagkov, Mikhail, Ordeshook, Peter C., and Shakin, Dimitri 2009. The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nagle, J. C. 2004. “How not to count votes.” Columbia Law Review 104(6): 1732–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nassmacher, Karl-Heinz (Ed.). 2001. Foundations for Democracy: Approaches to Comparative Political Finance. Baden-Baden: Nomos.Google Scholar
Nassmacher, Karl-Heinz. 2009. The Funding of Party Competition: Political Finance in 25 Democracies. Berlin: Nomos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Democratic Institute. 2005. Money in Politics: A Study of Party Financing Practices in 22 countries. Washington, DC: National Democratic Institute.Google Scholar
Nazzarine, S. R. 2003. “A faceless name in the crowd: Freedom of association, equal protection, and discriminatory ballot access laws.” University of Cincinnati Law Review 72(1): 309–61.Google Scholar
Neiheisel, Jacob R. and Burden, Barry C., 2012. “The impact of election day registration on voter turnout and election outcomes.” American Politics Research 40(4): 636–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, James. The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Norris, Pippa. (Ed.). 1999. Critical Citizens. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa 2003. Democratic Phoenix. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Norris, Pippa 2004 Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa 2008. Driving Democracy: Do Power-Sharing Institutions Work?New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa (Ed.). 2010. Public Sentinel: News Media and the Governance Agenda. Washington, DC: The World Bank .
Norris, Pippa 2011a. “Cultural explanations of electoral reform: A policy cycle model.” West European Politics. 34(1): 531–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa 2011b. Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens RevisitedNew York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa 2012. Making Democratic Governance Work: How Regimes shape Prosperity, Welfare and Peace. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa 2014a. “Does the world agree about standards of electoral integrity? Evidence for the diffusion of global norms.” Special issue of Electoral Studies 32(4): 576–588Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa 2014b. “Electoral integrity and political legitimacy.” In Comparing Democracies 4. Eds. LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard, and Norris, Pippa. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Norris, Pippa 2014c. “The new research agenda studying electoral integrity.” Special issue of Electoral Studies 32(4): 563–575.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa, Coma, Ferran Martinez I., and Frank, Richard W.. 2014. The Expert Survey of Perceptions of Electoral Integrity. Available at .
Norris, Pippa, Coma, Ferran Martinez I, and Frank, Richard W. 2014. “Assessing the quality of elections.” Journal of Democracy. 24(4): 124–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W., and Coma, Ferran Martinez I (Eds.). 2014. Advancing Electoral Integrity. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nou, J. 2009. “Privatizing democracy: Promoting election integrity through procurement contracts.” Yale Law Journal 118(4): 744–93.Google Scholar
Nunnally, Shayla C. 2011. “(Dis)counting on democracy to work: Perceptions of electoral fairness in the 2008 presidential election.” Journal of Black Studies 42(6): 923–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyblade, B. and Reed, S. R.. “Who cheats? Who loots? Political competition and corruption in Japan, 1947–1993.” American Journal of Political Science 52(4): 926–41.CrossRef
Obi, Cyril. 2011. “Taking back our democracy? The trials and travails of Nigerian elections since 1999.” Democratization 18(2): 366–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Öhman, Magnus and Zainulbhai, Hani. 2011. Political Finance Regulation: The Global Experience. Washington, DC: International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Available at Google Scholar
O’Leary, Cornelius. 1962. The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 1968–1911. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Omotola, J. S.Elections and democratic transition in Nigeria under the Fourth Republic.” African Affairs 109 (437): 535–53.
Organization of American States/International IDEA. 2005. Funding of Political Parties and Election Campaigns in the Americas. Washington, DC: OAS/International IDEA.Google Scholar
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. 2007. Handbook for Long-Term Election Observers: Beyond Election Day Observation. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.Google Scholar
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. 2010. Election Observation Handbook, 6th ed. Warsaw: OSCE/ODIHR.Google Scholar
Ottaway, Marina. 2003. Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-AuthoritarianismWashington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Overton, Spencer. 2006. Stealing Democracy: The New Politics of Voter Suppression. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Paris, Roland.2004. At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastor, Robert A. 1999. “The role of electoral administration in democratic transitions.” Democratization 6(4):1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pastor, Robert A., Santos, Robert, and Prevost, Alison. 2011. “Voting and ID requirements: A survey of registered voters in three states.” American Review of Public Administration 40(4): 461–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paxton, Pamela, Bollen, Kenneth A., Lee, Deborah M., and Kim, HyoJuong. 2003. “A half-century of suffrage: New data and a comparative analysis.” Studies in Comparative International Development 38:93–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Persily, N. 2001. “Candidates v. parties: The constitutional constraints on primary ballot access laws.” Georgetown Law Journal 89(7): 2181–2225.Google Scholar
Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael. 2005. “Financing politics: A global view.” Journal of Democracy 13(4): 69–86.Google Scholar
Popova, Marina. 2006. “Watchdogs or attack dogs? The role of the Russian Courts and the Central Election Commission in the resolution of electoral disputes.” Europe-Asia Studies 58(3): 391–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham. 2004a. “The chain of responsiveness.” Journal of Democracy 15(4): 91–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, G. Bingham. 2014b. “Why elections matter.” In Comparing Democracies 4. Eds. LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard, and Norris, Pippa. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Power, Timothy J. and Taylor, Matthew MacLeod. Corruption and Democracy in Brazil: The Struggle for Accountability, Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael E., Cheibub, Jose Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quimpo, N. G. 2009. “The Philippines: Predatory regime, growing authoritarian features.” Pacific Review 22(3): 335–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Qvortup, M. 2005. “First past the postman: Voting by mail in comparative perspective.” Political Quarterly 76(3):414–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahat, Gideon and Hazan, Reuven Y.. 2011. “The barriers to electoral system reform: A synthesis of alternative approaches.” West European Politics 34(3): 478–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rallings, Colin, Thrasher, Michael, and Borisyuk, Galina. 2010. “Much ado about not very much: The electoral consequences of postal voting at the 2005 British General Election.” British Journal of Politics & International Relations 12(2): 223–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regan, P. M., Frank, R. W., and Clark, D. H.. 2009. “Political institutions and elections: New datasets.” Conflict Management and Peace Science, 26(3):320–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2002. “Post-conflict elections: Constraints and dangers.” International Peacekeeping 9(2): 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, Benjamin. 2004. “Elections in Post-conflict Societies.” In The UN Role in Promoting Democracy: Between Ideals and Reality. Eds. Newman, Edward and Rich, Roland. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Renwick, Alan. 2011. The Politics of Electoral Reform: Changing the Rules of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew. 2011. Designing Democracy in a Dangerous World. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Reynolds, Andrew and Steenbergen, M.. 2006. “How the world votes: The political consequences of ballot design, innovation and manipulation.” Electoral Studies 25(3): 570–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanelli, Raffaele (Ed.). 1998. How Did They Become Voters? The History of Franchise in Modern European Representation. The Hague: Kluwer Law.Google Scholar
Rosas, Guillermo. 2010. “Trust in elections and the institutional design of electoral authorities: Evidence from Latin America.” Electoral Studies 29(1): 74–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Richard and Mishler, William. 2009. “How do electors respond to an ‘unfair’ election? The experience of Russians.” Post-Soviet Affairs 25(2): 118–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, Richard, Mishler, William, and Monroe, Neil. 2011. Popular Support for an Undemocratic Regime: The Changing Views of Russians. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothstein, Bo. 2009. “Creating political legitimacy: Electoral democracy versus quality of government.” American Behavioral Scientist 53(3): 311–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samples, John Curtis. 2006. The Fallacy of Campaign Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santa-Cruz, Arturo. 2005. “Constitutional structures, sovereignty, and the emergence of norms: The case of international election monitoring.” International Organization 59(03): 663–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santiso, C. and Loada, A.. 2003. “Explaining the unexpected: Electoral reform and democratic governance in Burkina Faso.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41(3): 395–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarrow, Susan. 2004. “Explaining political finance reforms: Competition and context.” Party Politics 10: 653–75.CrossRef
Scarrow, Susan 2007. “Political finance in comparative perspective.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 193–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffer, Fredric Charles. 2002. “Might cleaning up elections keep people away from the polls? Historical and comparative perspectives.” International Political Science Review 23(1):69–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaffer, Fredric Charles (Ed.). 2007. Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Schaffer, Fredric Charles (Ed.). 2008. The Hidden Costs of Clean Election Reform. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Schaffer, Frederic Charles and Wang, Tova Andrea. 2009. “Is everyone else doing it? Indiana’s voter identification law in international perspective.” Harvard Law & Policy Review, 3:397–413.Google Scholar
Schedler, Andreas. 1999. “Civil society and political elections: A culture of distrust?Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 565: 126–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andreas 2002. “The menu of manipulation.” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 36–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andreas (Ed.). 2006. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Schedler, Andreas 2010. “Authoritarianism’s last line of defense.” Journal of Democracy 21(1): 69–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andreas 2012a. “Judgment and measurement in political science.” Perspectives on Politics 10(1): 21–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andreas 2012b. The Politics of Uncertainty Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism. Mexico City:CIDE.Google Scholar
Scher, Richard K. 2010. The Politics of Disenfranchisement: Why Is It So Hard to Vote in America?New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Schmeets, Hans (Ed.). 2010. International Election Observation and Assessment of Elections. The Hague: Statistics Netherlands.Google Scholar
Schuler, Ian. 2008. “SMS as a tool in election observation.” Innovations 3(2): 143–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schumpeter, Joseph. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Sekhon, Jasjeet S. and Titiunik, Rocio. 2012. “When natural experiments are neither natural nor experiments.” American Political Science Review 106(1): 35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seymour, Charles. 1970. Electoral Reform in England and Wales: The Development and Operation of the Parliamentary Franchise 1832–1885. London: David and Charles reprint.Google Scholar
Sharafutdinova, Gulnaz. Political Consequences of Crony Capitalism inside Russia. Notre Dame, IN:University of Notre Dame Press.
Shock, David R. 2008. “Securing a line on the ballot: Measuring and explaining the restrictiveness of ballot access laws for non-major party candidates in the United States.” Social Science Journal 45(1): 48–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simmons, Beth A. 2009. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpser, Alberto. 2012. “Does electoral manipulation discourage voter turnout? Evidence from Mexico.” Journal of Politics 74(3): 782–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpser, Alberto 2013. Why Parties and Governments Manipulate Elections: Theory, Practice and Implications. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sisk, Timothy and Reynolds, Andrew (Eds.). 1998. Elections and Conflict Management in Africa. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.Google Scholar
Sjoberg, Fredrik. 2012. “Making voters count: Evidence from field experiments about the efficacy of domestic election observation.” New York: Harriman Institute Working Paper 1.
Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smets, Kaat and Ham, Carolien van. 2013. “The embarrassment of riches? A meta-analysis of individual-level research on voter turnout.” Electoral Studies 32(2): 344–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Lahra. 2009. “Explaining violence after recent elections in Ethiopia and Kenya.” Democratization 16(5): 867–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, Jack. 2000. From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Steenbergen, Marco R. and Marks, Gary. 2007. “Evaluating expert judgments.” European Journal of Political Research 46: 347–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stewart, J. 2006. “A banana republic? The investigation into electoral fraud by the Birmingham Election Court.” Parliamentary Affairs 59(4): 654–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stockemer, Daniel, LaMontagne, Bernadette, and Scruggs, Lyle. 2013. “Bribes and ballots: The impact of corruption on voter turnout in democracies.” International Political Science Review 34(1): 74–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Susan, Dunning, Thad, Nazareno, Marcelo, and Brusco, Valeria. 2013. Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, Scott. 2011. “‘It’s sheer horror here’: Patterns of violence during the first four months of Cote d’Ivoire’s post-electoral crisis.” African Affairs 110(440): 481–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, Scott 2012. “Wars do end! Changing patterns of political violence in sub-Saharan Africa.” African Affairs 111(443): 179–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, Scott and Taylor, Charlie. 2012. “Democratization and electoral violence in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2008.” In Voting in Fear. Ed. Bekoe, Dorina A.. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Stroh, Alexander. 2010. “Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: Undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 4(1): 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Struwig, Jare, Roberts, Benjamin J., and Vivier, Elme. 2011. “A vote of confidence: Election management and public perceptions.” Journal of Public Administration, 46(3):1122–38.Google Scholar
Svolik, Milan W. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, Nettina. 2013. “Electoral engineering and hegemonic party resilience in Singapore.” Electoral Studies 32(4): 632–643.Google Scholar
Tancangco, Luzviminda G. 1992. The Anatomy of Electoral Fraud: Concrete Bases for Electoral Reforms. Manila: MJAGM Distributor Matrix.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles, Pevehouse, Jon, and Straus, Scott. 2013. “Perils of Pluralism: Electoral Violence and Competitive Authoritarianism in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Simons Papers in Security and Development 23, School for International Studies, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada.
Taylor, Steven L. 2009. Voting amid Violence: Electoral Democracy in Colombia. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Mark R. and Kuntz, Philipp. 2004. “Stolen elections: The case of the Serbian October.” Journal of Democracy 15(4): 159–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Mark R. and Philipp, Kuntz 2009. “More than just the final straw: Stolen elections as revolutionary triggers.” Comparative Politics 41(3):253–72.Google Scholar
Trenschel, Alexander and Mendez, Fernando (Eds.). 2005. The European Union and E-voting. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tucker, Joshua. 2007. “Enough! Electoral fraud, collective action problems, and post-communist colored revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5(3): 535–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. 1984. “The role of perceived injustice in defendants’ evaluations of their courtroom experience.” Law & Society Review 18(1): 51–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Tyler, Tom R. 1994. “Governing amid diversity: The effect of fair decision-making procedures on the legitimacy of government.” Law & Society Review 28(4): 809–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R., Casper, Jonathan D., and Fisher, Bonnie. 1989. “Maintaining allegiance toward political authorities: The role of prior attitudes and the use of fair procedures.” American Journal of Political Science 33(3): 629–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyler, Tom R., Rasinski, Kenneth A., and McGraw, Kathleen M.. 1985. “The influence of perceived injustice on the endorsement of political leaders.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 15(8): 700–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ugues, Jr, Antonio. 2010. “Citizens’ views on electoral governance in Mexico.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 20(4): 495–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ugues, Jr, Antonio 2014. “Electoral management in Central America.” In Advancing Electoral Integrity. Eds. Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W., and Coma, Ferran Martinez I. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
UNDP. 2011. Understanding Electoral Violence in Asia. Bangkok: UNDP Asia-Pacific Regional Center.Google Scholar
UNDP 2012. Evaluation of UNDP Contribution to Strengthening Electoral Systems and Processes. New York: UNDP.Google Scholar
United Nations. 2005. Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation and Code of Conduct for International Elections Observers. New York: United Nations. Google Scholar
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 63/163. April 12, 2012. Strengthening the Role of the United Nations in Enhancing Periodic and Genuine Elections and the Promotion of Democratization. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
van der Walle, Nicholas. 2003. “Presidentialism and clientelism in Africa’s emerging party systems.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41(02):297–321 DOI: CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Ham, Carolien. 2012. Beyond Electoralism? Electoral Fraud in Third Wave Regimes 1974–2009. PhD Thesis. Florence: European University Institute.Google Scholar
van Ham, Carolien 2013. “Getting elections right? Measuring electoral integrity.” Paper presented at the 2013 Annual Workshop on Concepts and Indicators of Electoral Integrity, Harvard University, June 3–4, 2013.
van Ham, Carolien 2014. “Getting elections right? Measuring electoral integrity.” Democratization. (Forthcoming)Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney and Nie, Norman. 1972. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Nie, Norman, and Kim, Jae-on. 1978. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Verba, Sidney, Schlozman, Kay, and Brady, Henry E.. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Vickery, Chad and Shein, Erica. 2012. Assessing Electoral Fraud in New Democracies. Washington, DC: IFES.
Volkov, Denis. 2012. “The protesters and the public.” Journal of Democracy 23(3): 55–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahmn, Michael, Teorell, Jan, and Hadenius, Axel. 2013. “Authoritarian regime types revisited: Updated data in comparative perspective.” Contemporary Politics 19(1):19–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wall, Alan, Andrew Ellis, Ayman Ayoub, Carl W. Dundas, Joram Rukambe and Sara Staino. 2006. Electoral Management Design: The International IDEA Handbook. Sweden: International IDEA.Google Scholar
Wand, Jonathan, King, Gary, and Lau, Olivia. 2011. “Anchors: Software for Anchoring Vignettes Data.” Journal of Statistical Software 42(3): 1–25. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wand, J. N., Shotts, K. W., Sekhon, J. S., Mebane, Walter, Herron, M. C., and Brady, Henry E.. 2001. “The butterfly did it: The aberrant vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County, Florida.” American Political Science Review 95(4): 793–810.Google Scholar
Wang, Tova Andrea. 2012. The Politics of Voter Suppression: Defending and Expanding Americans’ Right to Vote. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weghorst, Keith R. and Lindberg, Staffan I.. 2011. ‘Effective opposition strategies: Collective goods or clientelism?’Democratization 18(5): 1193–1214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weidmann, Nils B. and Callen, Michael. 2011. Violence and Election Fraud: Evidence from Afghanistan
White, Stephen. 1985. “Non-competitive elections and national politics: The USSR Supreme Soviet elections of 1984.” Electoral Studies 4(3): 215–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Stephen 2011. “Elections Russian-Style.” Europe-Asia Studies 63(4): 531–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wigell, M. 2008. “Mapping ‘hybrid regimes’: Regime types and concepts in comparative politics.” Democratization 15(2): 230–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilking, Jennifer R. 2011. “The portability of electoral procedural fairness: Evidence from experimental studies in China and the United States.” Political Behavior 33(1): 139–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven. 2006. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India: New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Willis, Justin and Battahani, Atta el. 2010. “‘We changed the laws’: Electoral practice and malpractice in Sudan since 1953.” African Affairs 109(435): 191–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Kenneth. 2012. “How Russians view electoral fairness: A qualitative analysis.” Europe-Asia Studies 64(1): 145–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wlezien, Christopher and Soroka, Stuart. 2012. “Political institutions and the opinion–policy link.” West European Politics 35(6): 1407–1432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wong, Chin-Huat, James, Chin, and Norani, Othman. 2010. “Malaysia: Towards a topology of an electoral one-party state.” Democratization 17(5): 920–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, John Hardin. 2009. International Election Principles: Democracy and the Rule of Law. Chicago: American Bar Association.Google Scholar
Ziblatt, Daniel. 2009. “Shaping democratic practice and the causes of electoral fraud: The case of nineteenth-century Germany.” American Political Science Review 103(1): 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Select Bibliography
  • Pippa Norris
  • Book: Why Electoral Integrity Matters
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107280861.020
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Select Bibliography
  • Pippa Norris
  • Book: Why Electoral Integrity Matters
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107280861.020
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Select Bibliography
  • Pippa Norris
  • Book: Why Electoral Integrity Matters
  • Online publication: 05 July 2014
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107280861.020
Available formats
×