raise concerns for trade and the international trading system in three main ways. First, they can exclude foreign suppliers from markets in which they could otherwise hope to compete, either by reserving the market completely for domestic suppliers or by introducing administrative complexities that make procurement procedures less easily accessible for foreign suppliers. Second, paradoxically, in some cases they may even raise the costs or impede the operations of domestic companies in the countries implementing the relevant measures, if such companies experience difficulties in sourcing domestically and cannot easily obtain waivers for purchases abroad. Third, as in other economic sectors, the implementation of discriminatory government procurement measures in one country may engender pressures for the adoption of similar measures by other countries.