Preliminary Remarks

The Indian astronomer and mathematician Madhava (c. 1340–c. 1425) discovered infinite power series about two and a half centuries before Newton rediscovered them in the 1660s. Madhava's work may have been motivated by his studies in astronomy, since he concentrated mainly on the trigonometric functions. There appears to be no connection between Madhava's school and that of Newton and other European mathematicians. In spite of this, the Keralese and European mathematicians shared some similar methods and results. Both were fascinated with transformation of series, though here they used very different methods.

The mathematician-astronomers of medieval Kerala lived, worked, and taught in large family compounds called illams. Madhava, believed to have been the founder of the school, worked in the Bakulavihara illam in the town of Sangamagrama, a few miles north of Cochin. He was an Emprantiri Brahmin, then considered socially inferior to the dominant Namputiri (or Nambudri) Brahmin. This position does not appear to have curtailed his teaching activities; his most distinguished pupil was Paramesvara, a Namputiri Brahmin. No mathematical works of Madhava have been found, though three of his short treatises on astronomy are extant. The most important of these describes how to accurately determine the position of the moon at any time of the day. Other surviving mathematical works of the Kerala school attribute many very significant results to Madhava.