,BAOBAB. “National Discussion on Sharia and Women's Human Rights in Nigeria Series Two.” www.baobabwomen.org/activities.htm.

,BAOBABSharia Implementation in Nigeria: The Journey So Far. Lagos: BAOBAB for Women's Rights, 2003.

Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismaʿil. Sahih al-Bukhari. Translated by Khan, Muhammad Muhsin. 9 vols. Medina: Islamic University, 1974.

Dasuqi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Hashiyat al-Dasuqi ʿala al-Sharh al-Kabir. 4 vols. Cairo: Dar Ihyaʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya, n.d.

,European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR). www.e-cfr.org.

,European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR). “Final Statement of the Twelfth Ordinary Session.” January 2004.

,European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR). “France: Hijab under Attack.” Fatwa issued December 14, 2003. Available from Islam Online: www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?pagename=IslamOnline-English-Ask_Scholar/FatwaE/FatwaE&cid=1119503547428.

,European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR). “The Statement on the Problem of Hijab in France.” January 2003.

“France: Headscarf Ban Violates Religious Freedom.” Human Rights Watch News, February 27, 2004. http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/02/26/france7666.htm.

al-Haddad, al-Tahir. Imraʾatuna fi al-Shariʿa wa-l-Mujtamaʿ. Cairo: al-Majlis al-Aʿla li-l-Thaqafa, 1999.

Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. Chapters on Marriage and Divorce: Responses of Ibn Hanbal and Ibn Rahwayh. Translated by Spectorsky, Susan A.. 1st edn, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993.

al-Hilli, al-Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn al-Mutahhar. Mukhtalaf al-Shiʿa fi Ahkam al-Shariʿa. 10 vols. Qom, Iran: Islamic Sciences Research Center, 1991.

Ibn Ishaq, Khalil. Abrégé de la loi musulmane selon le rite de lʾImam Malek. Translated by Bousquet, G. H.. Vol. 2. Le statut personnel. Algiers: La Maison des Livres, 1958.

Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa-Nihayat al-Muqtasid. 4 vols. Cairo: Dar al-Salam, 1995.

Ibn Taymiyya, Ahmad ibn Abd al-Halim. Fatawa al-Nisaʾ. 1st edn, Cairo: Maktabat al-Qurʾan, 1983.

al-ʿImadi, as edited by ʿAbidin, Ibn. Al-ʿUqud al-Durriyya. Vols. 1–2. Bulaq: n.p., 1300 h/1882–83 ad.

,Innovative Minds. “Protest against French Hijab Ban, Sunday, 11th January 2004, French Embassy, London.” www.inminds.co.uk/french-hijab-ban.html#t17.

,International Women's Rights Action Watch. www.iwraw-ap.org.

,Islam Online. www.islamonline.net.

,Karamah. www.karamah.org.

,Mahkamat Nablus (Nablus Islamic Court), sijill #4, 1134–38 h/1722–26 ad; #5, 1139–41 h/1728–9 ad.

,Mahkamat al-Quds (Jerusalem Islamic Court), sijill #226, 1145–6 h/1732–34 ad; #230, 1151–2 h/1738–40 ad.

al-Marghinani, Burhan al-Din ʿAli ibn Abi-Bakr. Al-Hidaya: Sharh Bidayat al-Mubtadi. 1st edn, 4 vols. Cairo: Dar al-Salam, 2000.

Nasif, Malak Hifni. Al-Nisaʾiyat: Majmuʿat Maqalat Nushirat fi al-Jarida fi Mawduʿ al-Marʾah al-Misriya. Cairo: Multaqa al-Marʾa wa-l-Dhakira, 1998.

al-Ramli, Khayr al-Din ibn Ahmad. Kitab al-Fatawa al-Kubra li-Nafʿ al-Birriyya. 2 vols. in 1. Cairo, Bulaq: n.p., 1856–57.

Rida, Muhammad Rashid. Huquq al-Nisaʾ fi al-Islam wa-Hazzihina min al-Islah al-Muhammadi al-ʿAmm: Nidaʾ ila al-Jins al-Latif. Cairo: Maktabat al-Turath al-Islami, 1984.

Rida, Muhammad Rashid. Tafsir al-Qurʾan. 10 vols. Beirut: Dar al-Maʿrifa, 1970–.

Sadr, Yusuf Ibrahim, ed. Majmuʿat al-Qawanin. Translated by Ramadan, ʿArif Afandi. Beirut: Matbaʿat Sadr, 1937.

Shafiʿi, Muhammad ibn Idris. Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafiʿi's Risala. Translated by Khadduri, Majid. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961.

Shaltut, Mahmud. Al-Islam: ʿAqida wa-Shariʿa. Cairo: al-Idara al-ʿAmma li-l-Thaqafa al-Islamiyya bi-l-Azhar, 1959.

,Sisters in Islam, and Association of Women Lawyers. “Memorandum on Reform of the Islamic Family Laws on Polygamy.” (December 11, 1996), www.sistersinislam.org.my/memo/040197.htm.

al-Suyuti, Jalal al-din ʿAbd al-Rahman. Al-Tawshih Sharh al-Jamiʿ al-Sahih. 9 vols. Riyadh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 1998.

,UN Commission on Human Rights. “Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion Ends Visit to France.” Geneva: September 30, 2005. www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/AA8F269703D694EAC125708C00455C34?opendocument.

,Union des Organisations Islamiques de France. “L'UOIF s'adresse aux députés de la nation.” www.uoif-online.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=178.

,Union des Organisations Islamiques de France. “Les filles qui portent le voile aiment la France.” www.uoif-online.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=166.

,Union des Organisations Islamiques de France. “Réaction du secrétaire général de l'UOIF aux declarations de Cheikh Tantaoui au sujet du foulard islamique.” www.uoif-online.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=162.

,Women Living Under Muslim Laws. http://wluml.org.

Abdal-Rehim, Abdal-Rehim Abdal-Rahman. “The Family and Gender Laws in Egypt during the Ottoman Period.” In Sonbol, Women, the Family, and Divorce, 96–111.

Abou-Bakr, Omaima. “Islamic Feminism? What's in a Name?” Middle East Women's Studies Review 15, no. 1/16, no. 4 (winter–spring 2001): 1–5.Google Scholar

Abou El Fadl, Khaled. Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women. Oxford: Oneworld, 2001.

Adang, Camilla. “Women's Access to Public Space according to al-Muḥallā bi-l-Āthār.” In Marín and Deguilhem, Writing the Feminine, 75–94.

Ahangar, Mohammed Altaf Hussain. “Compensation in Khulʿ: An Appraisal of Judicial Interpretation in Pakistan.” Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 13 (1993): 113–43.Google Scholar

Ahmed, K. N.The Muslim Law of Divorce. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 1978.

Algar, Hamid. Wahhabism: A Critical Essay. 1st edn, Oneonta, NY: Islamic Publications International, 2002.

Ali, Shaheen Sardar. Gender and Human Rights in Islam and International Law: Equal before Allah, Unequal before Man?The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000.

Ali, Shaheen Sardar. “Is an Adult Muslim Woman Sui Juris? Some Reflections on the Concept of ‘Consent in Marriage’ without a Wali (with Particular Reference to the Saima Waheed Case).” In Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, edited by Cotran, Eugene and Mallat, Chibli, 156–74. London: Kluwer Law International, 1996.

Al-ʿAlwani, Taha J. “The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law.” American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 13, no. 2 (1996): 173–96.Google Scholar

Amin, Sonia Nishat. The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876–1939. Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the Middle East. Leiden: Brill, 1996.

Anderson, J. N. D.Law Reform in the Muslim World. London: University of London Athlone Press, 1976.

Anderson, J. N. D. “The Tunisian Law of Personal Status.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 7, no. 2 (1958): 262–79.Google Scholar

Arabi, Oussama. “Contract Stipulations (Shurūṭ) in Islamic Law: The Ottoman Majalla and Ibn Taymiyya.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, no. 1 (1998): 29–50.Google Scholar

Arabi, Oussama. “The Interdiction of the Spendthrift (al-Safih): A Human Rights Debate in Classical Fiqh.” Islamic Law and Society 7, no. 3 (2000): 300–24.Google Scholar

Arberry, Arthur J.The Koran Interpreted. Translated by Arberry, Arthur. J.. London: Allen & Unwin; Macmillan, 1955.

Baer, Gabriel. “Women and Waqf: An Analysis of the Istanbul Tahrir of 1546.” Asian and African Studies 17 (1983): 8–27.Google Scholar

Barlas, Asma. “Believing Women” in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qurʾan. 1st edn, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002.

Barnett, Hilaire. Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence. London: Routledge-Cavendish, 1998.

Baron, Beth. “The Making and Breaking of Marital Bonds in Modern Egypt.” In Keddie and Baron, Women in Middle Eastern History, 275–91.

Baron, Beth. The Women's Awakening in Egypt: Culture, Society, and the Press. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994.

Behrouz, Andra Nahal. “Transforming Islamic Family Law: State Responsibility and the Role of Internal Initiative.” Columbia Law Review 103, no. 5 (2003): 1136–62.Google Scholar

Bentzon, Agnete Weis, Hellum, Anne, Stewart, Julie, Ncube, Welshman, and Agersnap, Torben. Pursuing Grounded Theory in Law: South–North Experiences in Developing Women's Law. Oslo: TANO Aschehoug, 1998.

Bernhardt, Kathryn. Women and Property in China: 960–1949. Law, Society, and Culture in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.

Bordat, Stephanie Willman, and Kouzzi, Saida. “The Challenge of Implementing Morocco's New Personal Status Law.” Arab Reform Bulletin 2, no. 8 (September 2004). www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=15783.

Bowen, John R. “Quran, Justice, Gender: Internal Debates in Indonesian Islamic Jurisprudence.” History of Religions 38, no. 1 (1998): 52–78.Google Scholar

Bowen, John R.. “The Transformation of an Indonesian Property System: ‘Adat,’ Islam, and Social Change in the Gayo Highlands.” American Ethnologist 15, no. 2 (1988): 274–93.Google Scholar

Bowen, John R.. Why the French Don't Like Headscarves: Islam, the State, and Public Space. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007.CrossRef

Bultaji, Muhammad. Makanat al-Marʾa fi al-Qurʾan al-Karim wa-l-Sunna al-Sahiha: Dirasat Muʾassala Muqarana Mustawʿiba li-Haqiqat Manzilat al-Marʿah fi al-Islam. Cairo: Dar al-Salam, 2000.

Cammack, Mark, Young, Lawrence A., and Heaton, Tim. “Legislating Social Change in an Islamic Society – Indonesia's Marriage Law.” American Journal of Comparative Law 44, no. 1 (1996): 45–73.Google Scholar

Carroll, Lucy. “Life Interests and Inter-generational Transfer of Property Avoiding the Law of Succession.” Islamic Law and Society 8, no. 2 (2001): 245–86.Google Scholar

Carroll, Lucy. “Marriage-Guardianship and Minor Marriage in Islamic Law.” Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 7, no. 4 (1987): 279–300.Google Scholar

Carroll, Lucy. “The Pakistan Federal Shariat Court, Section 4 of the Muslim Family Law Ordinance, and the Orphaned Grandchild.” Islamic Law and Society 9, no. 1 (2001): 70–82.Google Scholar

Carroll, Lucy. “Talaq-i-Tafwid and Stipulations in a Muslim Marriage Contract: Important Means of Protecting the Position of the South Asian Muslim Wife.” Modern Asian Studies 16, no. 2 (1982): 277–309.Google Scholar

Charrad, Mounira. States and Women's Rights: The Making of Postcolonial Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.

Christelow, Allan. “Islamic Law and Judicial Practice in Nigeria: An Historical Perspective.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 22, no. 1 (2002): 185–204.Google Scholar

Cole, Juan Ricardo. “Feminism, Class, and Islam in Turn-of-the-Century Egypt.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 13, no. 4 (1981): 387–407.Google Scholar

Conaghan, Joanne. “Reassessing the Feminist Theoretical Project in Law.” Journal of Law and Society 27, no. 3 (2000): 351–85.Google Scholar

Connors, Jane. “The Women's Convention in the Muslim World.” In Yamani and Allen, Feminism and Islam, 351–71.

Cornell, Drucilla. Beyond Accommodation: Ethical Feminism, Deconstruction, and the Law. Thinking Gender. New York: Routledge, 1991.

Coulson, Noel J.Conflicts and Tensions in Islamic Jurisprudence. Publications of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies 5. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.

Coulson, Noel J.A History of Islamic Law. Islamic Surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964.

Coulson, Noel J.Succession in the Muslim Family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971.

Cuno, Kenneth M.The Pasha's Peasants: Land Tenure, Society, and Economy in Lower Egypt, 1740–1858. Cambridge Middle East Library. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Bellefonds, Y. Linant. “Le ‘Hul’ sans compensation en droit hanafite.” Studia Islamica 31 (1970): 185–95.Google Scholar

Puente, Cristina. “Juridical Sources for the Study of Women: Limitations of the Female's Capacity to Act According to Maliki Law.” In Marín and Deguilhem, Writing the Feminine, 95–110.

Doumani, Beshara. “Endowing Family: Waqf, Property Devolution, and Gender in Greater Syria, 1800 to 1860.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 40, no. 1 (1998): 3–41.Google Scholar

Dupret, Baudouin. “The Person and the Law: Contingency, Individuation and the Subject of the Law.” In Standing Trial: Law and the Person in the Modern Middle East, edited by Dupret, Baudouin, 9–38. The Islamic Mediterranean. London: I. B. Tauris, 2004.

El-Rouayheb, Khaled. Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500–1800. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

El Alami, Dawoud S. “Law no. 100 of 1985 Amending Certain Provisions of Egypt's Personal Status Laws.” Islamic Law and Society 1, no. 1 (1994): 116–36.Google Scholar

El Alami, Dawoud S. “Mutʾat al-Talaq under Egyptian and Jordanian Law.” In Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, edited by Cotran, Eugene and Mallat, Chibli, 2: 54–60. London: Kluwer Law International, 1995.

El Alami, Dawoud S.. “Legal Capacity with Specific Reference to the Marriage Contract.” Arab Law Quarterly 6, no. 2 (1991): 190–204.Google Scholar

El Alami, Dawoud Sudqi, and Hinchcliffe, Doreen. Islamic Marriage and Divorce Laws of the Arab World. CIMEL Book Series. London: Kluwer Law International, 1996.

Engineer, Asghar Ali. “Reflection on the Abolition of Triple Talaq – What Next?” Asian Human Rights Commission 6, no. 28 (July 12, 2004). www.rghr.net/mainfile.php/0618/749/.

Fadel, Mohammad. “Two Women, One Man: Knowledge, Power, and Gender in Medieval Sunni Legal Thought.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 2 (1997): 185–204.Google Scholar

Fakhro, Munira. “Gulf Women and Islamic Law.” In Yamani and Allen, Feminism and Islam, 251–62.

Farooqui, Mahmood. “Three Times Too Many.” Mid Day, July 2, 2004. www.mid-day.com/columns/mahmood_farooqui/2004/july/86854.htm.

Fay, Mary Ann. “From Concubines to Capitalists: Women, Property, and Power in Eighteenth-Century Cairo.” Journal of Women's History 10, no. 3 (1998): 118–40.Google Scholar

Fay, Mary Ann. “Women and Waqf: Toward a Reconsideration of Women's Place in the Mamluk Household.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 29, no. 1 (1997): 33–51.Google Scholar

Frégosi, Franck. “La position des acteurs islamiques: champ religieux official et contre-champ islamique.” In La politisation du voile: l'affaire en France, en Europe et dans le monde arabe, edited by Lorcerie, Françoise, 53–64. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005.

Friedl, Erika. Women of Deh Koh: Lives in an Iranian Village. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989.

Gerber, Haim. “Social and Economic Position of Women in an Ottoman City, Bursa, 1600–1700.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 12, no. 3 (1980): 231–44.Google Scholar

Gerber, Haim. State, Society, and Law in Islam: Ottoman Law in Comparative Perspective. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

Gleave, Robert, and Kermeli, Eugena, eds. Islamic Law: Theory and Practice. London: I. B. Tauris, 1997.

Göçek, Fatma Müge, and David Baer, Marc. “Social Boundaries of Ottoman Women's Experience in Eighteenth-Century Galata Court Records.” In Zilfi, Women in the Ottoman Empire, 48–65.

Hallaq, Wael B.Authority, Continuity, and Change in Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Hallaq, Wael B.. “Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?” International Journal of Middle East Studies 16, no. 1 (1984): 3–41.Google Scholar

Hamadeh, Najla. “Islamic Family Legislation: The Authoritarian Discourse of Silence.” In Yamani and Allen, Feminism and Islam, 331–46.

Hameed, Sayeeda Saiyidain. “Windows of Opportunity.” Communalism Combat, May 2001.Google Scholar

Hanna, Nelly. Making Big Money in 1600: The Life and Times of Ismaʾil Abu Taqiyya, Egyptian Merchant. 1st edn. Middle East Studies beyond Dominant Paradigms. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1998.

Hanna, Nelly. “Marriage among Merchant Families in Seventeenth-Century Cairo.” In Sonbol, Women, the Family, and Divorce, 143–54.

Haykal, Muhammad Husayn. The Life of Muhammad. Translated by al-Faruqi, Ismail R.. Plainfield, IN: North American Trust Publications, 1976.

Helly, Dorothy O., and Reverby, Susan, eds. “Introduction: Converging on History.” In Gendered Domains: Rethinking Public and Private in Women's History: Essays from the Seventh Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, 1–24. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.

Heyd, Uriel, and Ménage, V. L.. Studies in Old Ottoman Criminal Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.

Hirsch, Susan F.Pronouncing and Persevering: Gender and the Discourses of Disputing in an African Islamic Court. Language and Legal Discourse. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

Holcombe, Lee. Wives and Property: Reform of the Married Women's Property Law in Nineteenth-Century England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983.

Hooker, M. B.Islamic Law in South-East Asia. East Asian Social Science Monographs. Singapore and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Howard, I. K. A. “Mutʿa Marriage Reconsidered in the Context of the Formal Procedures for Islamic Marriage.” Journal of Semitic Studies 20, no. 1 (spring 1975): 82–92.Google Scholar

Ibrahim, Ahmad. Ahkam al-Ahwal al-Shakhsiyya fi al-Shariʿa al-Islamiya wa-l-Qanun. 5th edn, Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Azhariyya li-l-Turath, 2005.

Imber, Colin. Ebuʾs-suʿud: The Islamic Legal Tradition. Jurists: Profiles in Legal Theory. Stanford: Stanford Unversity Press, 1997.

Ivanova, Svetlana. “The Divorce between Zubaida Hatun and Esseid Osman Aga.” In Sonbol, Women, the Family, and Divorce, 112–25.

Ivanova, Svetlana. “Marriage and Divorce in the Bulgarian Lands (XV–XIX c.).” Bulgarian Historical Review 21, no. 2–3 (1993): 49–83.Google Scholar

Jalal, Ayesha. “The Convenience of Subservience: Women and the State of Pakistan.” In Kandiyoti, Women, Islam, and the State, 77–114.

Jennings, Ronald C. “Women in Early 17th Century Ottoman Judicial Records: The Sharia Court of Anatolian Kayseri.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18, no. 1 (1975): 53–114.Google Scholar

Johansen, Baber. “Legal Literature and the Problem of Change: The Case of Land Rent.” In Islam and Public Law: Classical and Contemporary Studies, edited by Mallat, Chibli, 29–47. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. London: Graham and Trotman, 1993.

Kadivar, Mohsen. “An Introduction to the Public and Private Debate in Islam.” Social Research 70, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 659–80.Google Scholar

Kalu, Ogbu U. “Safiyya and Adamah: Punishing Adultery with Sharia Stones in Twenty-first Century Nigeria.” African Affairs 102 (2003): 389–408.Google Scholar

Kandiyoti, Deniz, ed. Women, Islam, and the State. Women in the Political Economy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.

Karmi, Ghada. “Women, Islam, and Patriarchalism.” In Yamani and Allen, Feminism and Islam, 69–85.

Keddie, Nikki R., and Baron, Beth, eds. Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.

Khan, Sakina Yusuf. “Divorced from Reality – Amending the Triple Talaq Law.” The Times of India, October 5, 2000.

Khouri, Dina. “Drawing Boundaries and Defining Spaces.” In Sonbol, Women, the Family, and Divorce, 173–87.

Kian-Thiébaut, Azadeh. Les femmes iraniennes entre islam, état et famille. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2002.

Kogelmann, Franz. “Some Aspects of the Transformation of the Islamic Pious Endowments in Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt in the 20th Century.” In Les fondations pieuses (waqf) en Méditerranée: enjeux de société, enjeux de pouvoir, edited by Deguilhem, Randi and Hénia, Abdelhamid, 343–93. Kuwait: Kuwait Awqaf Public Foundation, 2004.

Kuehn, Thomas. Law, Family and Women: Toward a Legal Anthropology of Renaissance Italy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.CrossRef

Layish, Aharon. “Customary Khulʿ as Reflected in the Sijill of the Libyan Shariʿa Courts.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 51, no. 3 (1988): 428–39.Google Scholar

Lutfi, Huda. “Manners and Customs of Fourteenth Century Cairene Women: Female Anarchy versus Male Sharʿi Order in Muslim Prescriptive Treatises.” In Keddie and Baron, Women in Middle Eastern History, 99–121.

Lutfi, Huda. “A Study of Six Fourteenth Century Iqrars from Al-Quds Relating to Muslim Women.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 26, no. 3 (1983): 246–94.Google Scholar

MacKinnon, Catharine A.Toward a Feminist Theory of the State. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989.

Mahmood, Saba. Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Mahmood, Tahir. “Islamic Family Law: Latest Developments in India.” In Islamic Family Law, edited by Mallat, Chibli and Connors, Jane, 295–320. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. London: Graham and Trotman, 1990.

Marcus, Abraham. “Men, Women and Property: Dealers in Real Estate in 18th Century Aleppo.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 26, no. 2 (1983): 137–63.Google Scholar

Marcus, Abraham. “Privacy in Eighteenth-Century Aleppo: The Limits of Cultural Ideals.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 18, no. 2 (1986): 165–83.Google Scholar

Marín, Manuela, and Deguilhem, Randi, eds. Writing the Feminine: Women in Arab Sources. The Islamic Mediterranean. London: I. B. Tauris, 2002.

Marrese, Michelle Lamarche. A Woman's Kingdom: Noblewomen and the Control of Property in Russia, 1700–1861. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2002.

Meriwether, Margaret L.The Kin Who Count: Family and Society in Ottoman Aleppo, 1770–1840. 1st edn, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1999.

Meriwether, Margaret L.. “The Rights of Children and the Responsibilities of Women: Women as Wasis in Ottoman Aleppo, 1770–1840.” In Sonbol, Women, the Family, and Divorce, 219–35.

Meriwether, Margaret L.. “Women and Waqf Revisited: The Case of Aleppo, 1770–1840.” In Zilfi, Women in the Ottoman Empire, 128–52.

Meriwether, Margaret L.. “Women and Economic Change in Nineteenth-Century Syria: The Case of Aleppo.” In Arab Women: Old Boundaries, New Frontiers, edited by Tucker, Judith E., 65–80. Indiana Series in Arab and Islamic Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

Meyer, Ann Elizabeth. “Rhetorical Strategies and Official Policies on Women's Rights: The Merits and Drawbacks of the New World Hypocrisy.” In Faith and Freedom: Women's Human Rights in the Muslim World, edited by Afkhami, Mahnaz, 104–32. Gender, Culture, and Politics in the Middle East. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995.

Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. Marriage on Trial: A Study of Islamic Family Law: Iran and Morocco Compared. Society and Culture in the Modern Middle East. London: I. B. Tauris, 1993.

Mitchell, Ruth. “Family Law in Algeria before and after the 1404/1984 Family Code.” In Gleave and Kermeli, Islamic Law, 194–204.

Modarressi, Hossein. An Introduction to Shiʿi Law: A Bibliographical Study. London: Ithaca Press, 1984.

Moors, Annalise. “Debating Family Law: Legal Texts and Social Practices.” In Social History of Women and Gender in the Modern Middle East, edited by Lee Meriwether, Margaret and Tucker, Judith E., 150–55. The Social History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999.

Moors, Annelies. Women, Property, and Islam: Palestinian Experience, 1920–1990. Cambridge Middle East Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Mujahid, Subhy. “French Women Can Remove Hijab If Forced: Tantawi.” Islam Online, December 30, 2003. www.islamonline.net/English/News/2003–12/30/article09.shtml.

Nadvi, Masʿud ʿAlam, and Khan, M. Rafiq. Mohammad bin Abdul Wahhab: A Slandered Reformer. Varanasi: Idaratul Buhoosil Islamia, 1983.

Nair, Manoj. “Two Women Recall ‘Triple Talaq’ Trauma.” Mid Day, July 4, 2004. www.mid-day.com/news/city/2004/july/87030.htm.

Najmabadi, Afsaneh. “Hazards of Modernity and Morality: Women, State and Ideology in Contemporary Iran.” In Kandiyoti, Women, Islam, and the State, 48–76.

Nasir, Jamal J.The Islamic Law of Personal Status. 2nd edn. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. London: Graham and Trotman, 1990.

Naveh, Immanuel. “The Tort of Injury and Dissolution of Marriage at the Wife's Initiative in Egyptian Mahkamat al-Naqd Rulings.” Islamic Law and Society 9, no. 1 (2002): 16–41.Google Scholar

Nelson, Cynthia. “Public and Private Politics: Women in the Middle Eastern World.” American Ethnologist 1, no. 3 (1974): 551–63.Google Scholar

Noorani, A. G. “The Big Idea: Reform, Reform, Reform.” Hindustan Times, July 13, 2004.

Pearl, David. A Textbook on Muslim Law. London: Croom Helm, 1979.

Pearl, David. A Textbook on Muslim Personal Law. 2nd edn, London: Croom Helm, 1987.

Peirce, Leslie P.The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Peirce, Leslie P.. Morality Tales: Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court of Aintab. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

Peters, Rudolph. Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law: Theory and Practice from the Sixteenth to the Twenty-First Century. Themes in Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Peters, Rudolph. “Idjtihad and Taqlid in 18th and 19th Century Islam.” Die Welt des Islams 20, no. 3/4 (1980): 131–45.Google Scholar

Powers, David S. “The Islamic Family Endowment (Waqf).” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 32 (1999): 1167–90.Google Scholar

Radwan, Zaynab. Al-Islam wa-Qadaya al-Marʾah. Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-Misriyya al-ʿAmma, 1998.

Rafeq, Abdul-Karim. “Public Morality in 18th Century Ottoman Damascus.” Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la Méditerranée 55/56 (1990): 180–96.Google Scholar

Rahman, Fazlur. “Status of Women in the Qurʾan.” In Women and Revolution in Iran, edited by Nashat, Guity, 37–54. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983.

Rahman, Fazlur. “A Survey of Modernization of Muslim Family Law.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 11, no. 4 (1980): 451–65.Google Scholar

Rapoport, Yossef. Marriage, Money and Divorce in Medieval Islamic Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Rapoport, Yossef. “Matrimonial Gifts in Early Islamic Egypt.” Islamic Law and Society 7, no. 1 (2000): 1–36.Google Scholar

Rispler-Chaim, Vardit. “Nushuz between Medieval and Contemporary Islamic Law: The Human Rights Aspect.” Arabica 39, no. 3 (1992): 315–27.Google Scholar

Roded, Ruth. Women in Islamic Biographical Collections: From Ibn Saʿd to Who's Who. Boulder, CO: L. Rienner Publishers, 1994.

Rostam-Kolayi, Jasamin. “Expanding Agendas for the ‘New’ Iranian Woman: Family Law, Work, and Unveiling.” In The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941, edited by Cronin, Stephanie, 157–80. RoutledgeCurzon / BIPS Persian Studies Series. London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003.

Sansoni, Silvia. “Saving Amina.” Essence 33, no. 11 (2003): 156–59.Google Scholar

“Saving Amina Lawal: Human Rights Symbolism and the Dangers of Colonialism.” Harvard Law Review 117, no. 7 (2004): 2365–86.

Schacht, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.

Secor, Anna J. “The Veil and Urban Space in Istanbul: Women's Dress, Mobility and Islamic Knowledge.” Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography 9, no. 1 (2002): 5–22.Google Scholar

Shaham, Ron. Family and the Courts in Modern Egypt: A Study Based on Decisions by the Shariʿa Courts, 1900–1955. Studies in Islamic Law and Society. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

Shani, Alhaji Maʾaji Isa, and Ahangar, Mohammad Altaf Hussain. “Marriage-Guardianship in Islam: Reflections on a Recent Nigerian Judgment.” Islamic and Comparative Law Quarterly 6, no. 4 (1986): 275–82.Google Scholar

Siddiqui, Mona. “Law and the Desire for Social Control: An Insight into the Hanafi Concept of Kafaʾa with reference to the Fatawa ʿAlamgiri (1664–1672).” In Yamani and Allen, Feminism and Islam, 49–68.

Mulia, Siti Musdah et al. “Counter Legal Drafting to Islamic Law Compilation (ILC): A Pluralism and Gender Perspective.” International Centre for Islam and Pluralism Journal 2, no. 3 (June 2005): 1–16.Google Scholar

Sonbol, Amira El Azhary. “Adults and Minors in Ottoman Shariʿa Courts and Modern Law.” In Sonbol, Women, the Family, and Divorce, 236–56.

Sonbol, Amira El-Azhary, ed. Women, the Family, and Divorce Laws in Islamic History. 1st edn. Contemporary Issues in the Middle East. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1996.

Srivastava, Siddharth. “Triple Talaq on its Last Legs?” The Day After (July 2004), www.dayafterindia.com/july2004/societyhealth.html.

Stillman, Yedida Kalfon. Arab Dress: A Short History, from the Dawn of Islam to Modern Times. Themes in Islamic Studies. Leiden: Brill, 2000.

Tadros, Mariz. “Khul Law Passes Major Test.” Al-Ahram Weekly, December 19–25, 2002.

Tadros, Mariz. “Rooster's Wrath.” Al-Ahram Weekly, January 20–26, 2000.

Tadros, Mariz. “The Third Option.” Al-Ahram Weekly, October 31–November 6, 2002.

Tadros, Mariz. “What Price Freedom?” Al-Ahram Weekly, March 7–13, 2002.

Taub, Nadine, and Schneider, Elizabeth. “Women's Subordination and the Role of Law.” In Feminist Legal Theory: Foundations, edited by Weisberg, D. Kelly, 9–21. Women in the Political Economy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993.

Thompson, Elizabeth. “Public and Private in Middle Eastern Women's History.” Journal of Women's History 15, no. 1 (2003): 52–69.Google Scholar

Tucker, Judith E.In the House of the Law: Gender and Islamic Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Tucker, Judith E.. Women in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. Cambridge Middle East Library. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

Wadud, Amina. Qurʾan and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective. 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Welchman, Lynn. Beyond the Code: Muslim Family Law and the Shariʿa Judiciary in the Palestinian West Bank. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000.

Welchman, Lynn. “In the Interim: Civil Society, the Sharʿi Judiciary and Palestinian Personal Status Law in the Transitional Period.” Islamic Law and Society 10, no. 1 (2003): 34–69.Google Scholar

West, Robin. “The Difference in Women's Hedonic Lives: A Phenomenological Critique of Feminist Legal Theory.” Wisconsin Women's Law Journal 3, no. 81 (1987): 81–145.Google Scholar

Williams, Wendy. “The Equality Crisis: Some Reflections on Culture, Courts, and Feminism.” In Feminist Legal Theory: Readings in Law and Gender, edited by Bartlett, Katharine T. and Kennedy, Rosanne, 15–34. New Perspectives on Law, Culture, and Society. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991.

Wright, Nancy E., Ferguson, Margaret W., and Buck, A. R.. Women, Property, and the Letters of the Law in Early Modern England. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.

Würth, Anna. “Stalled Reform: Family Law in Post-unification Yemen.” Islamic Law and Society 10, no. 1 (2003): 12–33.Google Scholar

Yamani, Mai, and Allen, Andrew, eds. Feminism and Islam: Legal and Literary Perspectives. Reading: Ithaca Press, 1996.

Yazbak, Mahmoud. “Minor Marriages and Khiyar al-Bulugh in Ottoman Palestine: A Note on Women's Strategies in a Patriarchal Society.” Islamic Law and Society 9, no. 3 (2002): 386–409.Google Scholar

Zarinebaf-Shahr, Fariba. “Ottoman Women and the Tradition of Seeking Justice.” In Zilfi, Women in the Ottoman Empire, 253–63.

Zarinebaf-Shahr, Fariba. “Women, Law, and Imperial Justice in Ottoman Istanbul in the Late Seventeenth Century.” In Sonbol, Women, the Family, and Divorce, 81–95.

Zeʾevi, Dror. “Changes in Legal-Sexual Discourses: Sex Crimes in the Ottoman Empire.” Continuity and Change 16, no. 2 (2001): 219–42.

Zeʾevi, Dror. “Women in 17th-Century Jerusalem: Western and Indigenous Perspectives.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 2 (1995): 157–73.Google Scholar

Zilfi, Madeline C. “‘We Don't Get Along’: Women and Hul Divorce in the Eighteenth Century.” In Zilfi, Women in the Ottoman Empire, 264–96.

Zilfi, Madeline C. “Women and Society in the Tulip Era.” In Sonbol, Women, the Family, and Divorce, 290–303.

Zilfi, Madeline C. ed. Women in the Ottoman Empire: Middle Eastern Women in the Early Modern Era. The Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

Zomeño, Amalia. “Kafaʾa in the Maliki School: A Fatwa from Fifteenth-Century Fez.” In Gleave and Kermeli, Islamic Law, 87–106.