Part VI of the Review considers the challenges of building and sustaining frameworks for international collective action on climate change.

It considers the various dimensions of action that will be required to reduce the risks of climate change: both for mitigation (including through carbon prices and markets, interventions to support low-carbon investment and technology diffusion, co-operation on technology development and deployment, and action to reverse deforestation), and for adaptation.

These dimensions of action are not independent. For example, a carbon price is essential to provide incentives for investment in low-carbon technology around the world, and can be strongly complemented by international co-operation to bring down the costs of new low-carbon technologies. The success of international co-operation on mitigation will determine the scale of action required for adaptation.

Part VI is structured as follows:

• Chapter 21 provides a framework for understanding international collective action, drawing on insights from game theory and international relations, and sets out an overview of existing international co-operation on climate change.

• Chapter 22 examines the challenge of creating a broadly comparable price for carbon around the world. It considers what can be learned from the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, and looks at the scope for expanding and linking emissions trading schemes.

• Chapter 23 considers how the transition to a global low-carbon economy can be accelerated through action to promote the diffusion of technology and investment in low-carbon infrastructure in developing countries and economies in transition.

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