Written on the day before his assassination, the following document is popularly known as Gandhi's ‘Last Will and Testament’. Watching the behaviour of India's political intelligentsia after independence Gandhi became convinced that they were more interested in making personal gains than in serving the people. It confirmed his fear, already expressed in Hind Swaraj, ch. iv, that home rule without swaraj would only mean the replacement of the British ‘tiger’ by the Indian ‘tiger’. To the last Gandhi believed that political, social and economic development could become a reality only when swaraj as political self-government was accompanied by swaraj as moral self-rule. Gandhi's last political message is that in a free society political parties must be inspired by the ideal that politics is a form of public service rather than a means of dominating fellow citizens. [Ed.]