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21 - Development of motor functions in health and disease

from Section 5 - Follow-up

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2011

By
Mijna Hadders-Algra  and
Hans Forssberg
Edited by
Hugo Lagercrantz ,
M. A. Hanson ,
Laura R. Ment  and
Donald M. Peebles
Hugo Lagercrantz
Affiliation:
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
M. A. Hanson
Affiliation:
Southampton General Hospital
Laura R. Ment
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Donald M. Peebles
Affiliation:
University College London
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Summary

Theoretical framework of motor development

During recent decades knowledge on mechanisms governing motor control has rapidly increased. The expansion in knowledge was brought about by the development of sophisticated physiological, neurochemical, and imaging techniques. The idea that motor behavior was largely controlled by reflex mechanisms was abandoned. Nowadays, motility is regarded as the net result of the activity of complex spinal or brainstem machineries, which are subtly modulated by segmental afferent information and ingeniously controlled by supraspinal networks (Grillner et al., 1995, 2005). Functional imaging makes it increasingly clear that supraspinal activity is organized in large-scale networks, in which cortical areas continuously interact with intermediary cortical or subcortical (striatal, cerebellar) structures (Hikosaka et al., 2002; Molinari et al., 2002). In the light of motor development it is good to realize that, in particular, cortical-subcortical networks expanded during phylogeny and that these networks determine to a large extent human motor ontogeny. This does not, however, preclude developmental changes in the spinal cord and muscles: developmental changes in one part of the neuromuscular system affect those in other parts of the system.

Concurrent with the changes in insight into the neural mechanisms involved in motor control, knowledge on motor development has also increased – although at a considerably slower pace. This has led to changes in theoretical frameworks of the processes involved in the development of motor control.

Type
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Information
The Newborn Brain
Neuroscience and Clinical Applications
 , pp. 345 - 360
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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