Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-sjtt6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-21T10:51:45.502Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Modelling soil carbon dynamics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2010

By
Pete Falloon  and
Pete Smith
Edited by
Werner L. Kutsch ,
Michael Bahn  and
Andreas Heinemeyer
Werner L. Kutsch
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie, Jena
Michael Bahn
Affiliation:
Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Austria
Andreas Heinemeyer
Affiliation:
Stockholm Environmental Institute, University of York
Get access

Summary

INTRODUCTION

The need for models of soil organic matter (SOM) turnover is similar to the need for many models of environmental processes: they are used to better understand processes; extrapolate or interpolate experimental results in time, space and to different environmental conditions; and to investigate scenarios and hypotheses that are beyond the realm of experimental work. As a result of this, a wide variety of SOM models have been developed, differing in their formulation and purpose. There are a number of approaches to modelling SOM turnover including process-based multi-compartment models, models that consider each fresh addition of plant debris as a separate cohort that decays in a continuous way, and models that account for carbon and nitrogen transfers through various trophic levels in a soil food web. This chapter aims to give a broad overview of currently available SOM models, highlighting areas of model application, identifying strengths and weaknesses and future directions for model development. We focus on two of the most widely used SOM models, RothC and CENTURY, to provide detailed case studies of model formulation, development and application.

SOIL ORGANIC MATTER MODELS

There are several sources of metadata and information on SOM models. CAMASE (Plentinger and Penning de Vries, 1996) contains 98 agro-ecosystems models having soil components, and the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Soil Organic Matter Network (GCTE-SOMNET) database (Smith et al., 1996a, 1996b: online at http://saffron.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somnet/) contains metadata on over 30 current operational SOM models. Several authors have previously reviewed SOM models extensively.

Type
Chapter
Information
Soil Carbon Dynamics
An Integrated Methodology
 , pp. 221 - 244
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ågren, G. I., Kirschbaum, M. U. F., Johnson, D. F. and Bosatta, E. (1996) Ecosystem physiology: soil organic matter. In Global Change: Effects on Coniferous Forests and Grasslands, ed. Breymeyer, A. I., Hall, D. O., Melillo, J. M. and Ågren, G. I.. John Wiley and Sons, pp. 207–28.Google Scholar
André, M., Thiery, J. M. and Courmac, L. (1994) ECOSIMP model: prediction of CO2 concentration changes and carbon status in closed ecosystems. Advances in Space Research, 14, 323–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrén, O. and Katterer, T. (1997) ICBM: the introductory carbon balance model for exploration of soil carbon balances. Ecological Applications, 7, 1226–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrén, O. and Kätterer, T. (2001) Basic principles for soil carbon sequestration and calculting dynamic country- level balances including future scenarios. In Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon, ed. Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., Follett, R. F. and Stewart, B. A.. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, pp. 495–511.Google Scholar
Beek, J. and Frissel, M. J. (1973) Simulation of Nitrogen Behaviour in Soils. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Pudoc.Google Scholar
Bosatta, E. and Ågren, G. I. (1994) Theoretical analysis of microbial biomass dynamics in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 143–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosatta, E. and Ågren, G. I. (1995) Theoretical analyses of interactions between inorganic nitrogen and soil organic-matter. European Journal of Soil Science, 46, 109–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buringh, P. (1984) The role of terrestrial vegetation in the global carbon cycle: measurement by remote sensing. In Organic Carbon in Soils of the World, ed. Woodwell, G. M.. Chichester: Scope, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 91–109.Google Scholar
Burke, I. C., Yonker, C. M., Parton, W. J.et al. (1989) Texture, climate, and cultivation effects on soil organic-matter content in US grassland soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 53, 800–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chertov, O. G. and Komarov, A. S. (1996) SOMM: a model of soil organic matter and nitrogen dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. In Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing, Long-term Data-sets, ed. Powlson, D. S., Smith, P. and Smith, J. U.. NATO ASI I38. Berlin: Springer, pp. 231–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, K. and Jenkinson, D. S. (1996) RothC-26.3: a model for the turnover of carbon in soil. In Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing, Long-term Data-sets, ed. Powlson, D. S., Smith, P. and Smith, J. U.. NATO ASI I38. Berlin: Springer, pp. 134–60.Google Scholar
Coleman, K., Jenkinson, D. S., Crocker, G. J.et al. (1997) Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using RothC-26.3. Geoderma, 81, 29–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiter, P. C. and Faassen, H. G. (1994) A comparison between an organic matter dynamics model and a food web model simulating nitrogen mineralization in agro-ecosystems. European Journal of Agronomy, 3, 347–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiter, P. C., Vanveen, J. A., Moore, J. C., Brussaard, L. and Hunt, H. W. (1993) Calculation of nitrogen mineralization in soil food webs. Plant and Soil, 157, 263–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiter, P. C., Neutel, A.-M. and Moore, J. C. (1995) Energetics and stability in belowground food webs. In Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics, ed. Polis, G. A. and Winemiller, K. O.. New York: Chapman and Hall, pp. 201–10.Google Scholar
Donigian, A. S., Barnwell, T. O., Jackson, R. B.et al. (1994) Assessment of Alternative Management Practices and Policies Affecting Soil Carbon in Agroecosystems of the Central United States. Athens: US EPA Report EPA/600/R-94/067.Google Scholar
Doran, J. W., Mielke, L. N. and Stamatiadis, S. (1988) Microbial activity and N cycling as regulated by soil water-filled pore space. In 11th Conf. Inter. Soil Tillage Res. Org. Vol. 1. Edinburgh, Scotland, pp. 49–54.Google Scholar
Douglas, C. L. and Rickman, R. W. (1992) Estimating crop residue decomposition from air-temperature, initial nitrogen-content, and residue placement. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 56, 272–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esser, G. (1990) Modelling global terrestrial sources and sinks of CO2 with special reference to soil organic matter. In Soils and the Greenhouse Effect, ed. Bouwman, A. F.. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 247–61.Google Scholar
Falloon, P. and Smith, P. (2000) Modelling refractory soil organic matter. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 30, 388–98.Google Scholar
Falloon, P. and Smith, P. (2002) Simulating SOC changes in long-term experiments with RothC and CENTURY: model evaluation for a regional scale application. Soil Use and Management, 18, 101–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falloon, P. and Smith, P. (2003) Accounting for changes in soil carbon under the Kyoto Protocol: need for improved long-term data sets to reduce uncertainty in model projections. Soil Use and Management, 19, 265–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falloon, P., Smith, P., Coleman, K. and Marshall, S. (1998a) Estimating the size of the inert organic matter pool from total soil organic carbon content for use in the Rothamsted carbon model. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 1207–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falloon, P., Smith, P., Smith, J. U.et al. (1998b) Regional estimates of carbon sequestration potential: linking the Rothamsted carbon model to GIS databases. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 27, 236–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falloon, P., Smith, P., Coleman, K. and Marshall, S. (2000) How important is inert organic matter for predictive soil carbon modelling using the Rothamsted carbon model?Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 32, 433–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falloon, P., Smith, P., Szabo, J. and Pasztor, L. (2002) Comparison of approaches for estimating carbon sequestration at the regional scale. Soil Use and Management, 18, 164–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falloon, P., Smith, P., Bradley, R. I.et al. (2006) RothC UK: a dynamic modelling system for estimating changes in soil C at 1-km resolution in the UK. Soil Use and Management, 22, 274–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falloon, P., Jones, C. D., Ades, M. and Paul, K. (2008) Soil moisture controls of future global soil carbon changes: an unconsidered source of uncertainty. Global Biogeochemical Cycles (in revision).Google Scholar
Franko, U. (1996) Modelling approaches of soil organic matter turnover within the CANDY system. In Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing, Long-term Data-sets, ed. Powlson, D. S., Smith, P. and Smith, J. U.. NATO ASI I38. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 247–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giardina, C. P. and Ryan, M. G. (2000) Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature. Nature, 404, 858–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldewijk, K. K., Vanminnen, J. G., Kreileman, G. J. J., Vloedbeld, M. and Leemans, R. (1994) Simulating the carbon flux between the terrestrial environment and the atmosphere. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 76, 199–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goto, N., Sakoda, A. and Suzuki, M. (1993) Modelling soil carbon dynamics as a part of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecological Modelling, 74, 183–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grace, P. R. and Ladd, J. N. (1995) SOCRATES v2.00 User Manual. PMB 2, Glen Osmond 5064, South Australia: Cooperative Research Centre for Soil and Land Management.Google Scholar
Grant, R. F. (1991) A technique for estimating denitrification rates at different soil temperatures, water contents, and nitrate concentrations. Soil Science, 152, 41–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, R. F. (1995) Dynamics of energy, water, carbon and nitrogen in agricultural ecosystems: simulation and experimental validation. Ecological Modelling, 81, 169–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henin, S. and Dupuis, M. (1945) Essai de bilan de la matiere organique du sol. Annales Agronomiques, 15, 17–29.Google Scholar
Henin, S., Monnier, G. and Turc, L. (1959) Un aspect de la dynamique des matieres organiques du sol. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires Des Seances De L' Academie Des Sciences, 248, 138–41.Google Scholar
Hoogenboom, G., Jones, J. W., Hunt, L. A., Thornton, P. K. and Tsuji, G. Y. (1994) An integrated decision support system for crop model applications. ASAE Meeting Paper 94–3025, 23.Google Scholar
Hunt, H. W., Coleman, D. C., Cole, C. V.et al. (1984) Simulation model of a food web with bacteria, amoebae, and nematodes in soil. In Current Perspectives in Microbial Ecology, ed. Klug, M. J. and Reddy, C. A.. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 346–52.Google Scholar
Hunt, H. W., Coleman, D. C., Ingham, E. R.et al. (1987) The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 3, 57–68.Google Scholar
Hunt, H. W., Trlica, M. J., Redente, E. F.et al. (1991) Simulation-model for the effects of climate change on temperate grassland ecosystems. Ecological Modelling, 53, 205–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,IPCC (1996) The Revised 1996 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Geneva, Switzerland.Google Scholar
,IPCC (2000) Land Use, Land-use Change, and Forestry. A Special Report of the IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Izarraulde, R. C., McGill, W. B., Jans-Hammermeister, D. C.et al. (1996) Development of a Technique to Calculate Carbon Fluxes in Agricultural Soils at the Ecodistrict Level Using Simulation Models and Various Aggregation Methods. University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. Report no. 01586–3-1280/01-XSG.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S. (1977) Studies on decomposition of plant material in soil. 4. Effect of rate of addition. Journal of Soil Science, 28, 417–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S. (1988) Soil organic matter and its dynamics. In Russell's Soil Conditions and Plant Growth, ed. Wild, A.. London: Longman, pp. 504–607.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S. (1990) The turnover of organic-carbon and nitrogen in soil. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences, 329, 361–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S. and Coleman, K. (1994) Calculating the annual input of organic-matter to soil from measurements of total organic-carbon and radiocarbon. European Journal of Soil Science, 45, 167–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S. and Coleman, K. C. (2008) The turnover of organic carbon in subsoils. Part 2. Modelling carbon turnover. European Journal of Soil Science, 59, 400–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S., Hart, P. B. S., Rayner, J. H. and Parry, L. C. (1987) Modelling the turnover of organic matter in long-term experiments at Rothamsted. INTECOL Bulletin, 15, 1–8.Google Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S., Adams, D. E. and Wild, A. (1991) Model estimates of CO2 emissions from soil in response to global warming. Nature, 351, 304–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S., Harkness, D. D., Vance, E. D., Adams, D. E. and Harrison, A. F. (1992) Calculating net primary production and annual input of organic-matter to soil from the amount and radiocarbon content of soil organic-matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 24, 295–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkinson, D. S., Meredith, J., Kinyamario, J. I.et al. (1999) Estimating net primary production from measurements made on soil organic-matter. Ecology, 80, 2762–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenny, H. (1941) Factors of Soil Formation. A System of Quantitative Pedology. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Jones, C., McConnell, C., Coleman, K.et al. (2005) Global climate change and soil carbon stocks: predictions from two contrasting models for the turnover of organic carbon in soil. Global Change Biology, 11, 154–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kan, E. E. and Kan, N. A. (1991) Simulation-model of soil fertility. Physiology and Biochemistry of Cultivated Plants (in Russian), 23, 3–17.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. H., Parton, W. J., Crocker, G. J.et al. (1997) Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using the CENTURY model. Geoderma, 81, 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavelle, P. B. P., Charpentier, F. C., Rossi, J. P.et al. (1997) Large-scale effects of earthworms on soil organic matter and nutrient dynamics. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology 1996. Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Lee, J. J. and Phillips, D. L. (1993) The effect of trends in tillage practices on erosion and carbon content of soils in the United-States Corn-Belt. Water Air and Soil Pollution, 70, 389–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, C. S., Frolking, S. and Harriss, R. (1994) Modeling carbon biogeochemistry in agricultural soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8, 237–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, C., Liu, T. S. and Hu, T. L. (1987) Assembling a model for organic residue transformation in soils. Proc. Natl. Council (Taiwan), Part B 11, 175–86.Google Scholar
Linacre, E. T. (1977) Simple formula for estimating evaporation rates in various climates, using temperature data alone. Agricultural Meteorology, 18, 409–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lomander, A., Katterer, T. and Andren, O. (1998) Modelling the effects of temperature and moisture on CO2 evolution from top- and subsoil using a multi-compartment approach. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 30, 2023–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCaskill, M. R. and Blair, G. J. (1990) A model of S, P and N uptake by a perennial pasture. 1. Model construction. Fertilizer Research, 22, 161–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCown, R. L., Hammer, G. L., Hargreaves, J. N. G., Holzworth, D. P. and Freebairn, D. M. (1996) APSIM: a novel software system for model development, model testing and simulation in agricultural systems research. Agricultural Systems, 50, 255–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGill, W. B. (1996) Review and classification of ten soil organic matter (SOM) models. In Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing, Long-term Data-sets, ed. Powlson, D. S., Smith, P. and Smith, J. U.. NATO ASI I38. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 111–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGill, W. B., Hunt, H. W., Woodmansee, R. G. and Reuss, J. O. (1981) PHOENIX, a model of the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in grassland soil. In Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycles. Processes, Ecosystem Strategies and Management Impacts, ed. Clark, F. E. and Roswall, T.. Vol. 33. Ecological Bulletins, pp. 49–115.Google Scholar
Melillo, J. M., Kicklighter, D. W., McGuire, A. D., Peterjon, W. T. and Newkirk, K. M. (1995) Global change and its effect on soil organic carbon stocks. In Role of Nonliving Organic Matter in the Earth's Carbon Cycle, ed. Zepp, R. G. and Sonntag, C. H.. New York: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 175–89.Google Scholar
Metherell, A. K., Harding, L. A., Cole, C. V. and Parton, W. J. (1993) CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model Environment. Technical documentation, Agroecosystem Version 4.0. Great Plains System Research Unit Technical Report No. 4. USDA-ARS. Fort Collins, Colorado.Google Scholar
Molina, J. A. E. and Smith, P. (1998) Modeling carbon and nitrogen processes in soils. In Advances in Agronomy, ed. Sparks, D. L.. Vol. 62. Academic Press, pp. 253–98.Google Scholar
Molina, J. A. E., Clapp, C. E., Shaffer, M. J., Chichester, F. W. and Larson, W. E. (1983) NCSOIL, a model of nitrogen and carbon transformations in soil: description, calibration, and behavior. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 47, 85–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molina, J. A. E., Hadas, A. and Clapp, C. E. (1990) Computer-simulation of nitrogen turnover in soil and priming effect. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 22, 349–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moorhead, D. L. and Reynolds, J. F. (1991) A general-model of litter decomposition in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. Ecological Modelling, 56, 197–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motavalli, P. P., Palm, C. A., Parton, W. J., Elliott, E. T. and Frey, S. D. (1995) Soil pH and organic C dynamics in tropical forest soils: evidence from laboratory and simulation studies. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27, 1589–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, T., Jensen, L. S., Hansen, S. and Nielsen, N. E. (1996) Simulating soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics with the soil-plant-atmosphere system model DAISY. In Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing, Long-term Data-sets, ed. Powlson, D. S., Smith, P. and Smith, J. U.. NATO ASI I38. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 275–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niklaus, P. A. and Falloon, P. D. (2006) Estimating carbon sequestration under elevated CO2 by combining carbon isotope labelling with soil carbon cycle modelling. Global Change Biology, 12, 1909–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, B. J. (1984) Soil organic-carbon fluxes and turnover rates estimated from radiocarbon enrichments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 16, 115–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Leary, G. J. (1994) Soil water and nitrogen dynamics of dryland wheat in the Victorian Wimmera and Mallee. Ph.D. thesis, University of Melbourne.
Oades, J. M., Gillman, G. P. and Uehara, G. (1989) Interactions of soil organic matter and variablecharge clays. In Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter, ed. Coleman, D. C., Oades, J. M. and Uehara, G.. Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii, pp. 69–95.Google Scholar
Parshotam, A. and Hewitt, A. E. (1995) Application of the Rothamsted carbon turnover model to soils in degraded semiarid land in New-Zealand. Environment International, 21, 693–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parshotam, A., Tate, K. R. and Giltrap, D. J. (1996) Potential effects of climate and land-use change on soil carbon and CO2 emissions from New Zealand's indigenous forests and unimproved grasslands. Weather and Climate, 15, 47–56.Google Scholar
Parton, W. J. (1984) Predicting soil temperatures in a shortgrass steppe. Soil Science, 138, 93–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parton, W. J., Schimel, D. S., Cole, C. V. and Ojima, D. S. (1987) Analysis of factors controlling soil organic-matter levels in Great-Plains grasslands. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 51, 1173–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parton, W. J., Sanford, R. L., Sanchez, P. A.et al. (1989) Modelling soil organic matter dynamics in tropical soils. In Dynamics of Soil Organic Matter in Tropical Ecosystems, ed. Coleman, D. C., Oades, J. M. and Uehara, G.. Honolulu, Hawaii: NifTAL Project, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 69–95.Google Scholar
Parton, W. J., Ojima, D. S., Cole, C. V. and Schimel, D. S. (1994) A general model for soil organic matter dynamics: sensitivity to litter chemistry, texture and management. In Quantitative Modelling of Soil Forming Processes, SSSA Special Publication 39. Madison, WI: SSSA, pp. 147–67.Google Scholar
Parton, W. J., Hartman, M., Ojima, D. and Schimel, D. (1998) DAYCENT and its land surface submodel: description and testing. Global and Planetary Change, 19, 35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, E. A., Horwath, W. R., Harris, D.et al. (1995) Establishing the pool sizes and fluxes in CO2 emissions from soil organic mater turnover. In Soils and Global Change, ed. Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., Levine, E. and Stewart, B. A.. CRC Press, pp. 297–305.Google Scholar
Paustian, K. (1994) Modelling soil biology and biochemical processes for sustainable agricultural research. In Soil Biota. Management in Sustainable Farming Systems, ed. Pankhurst, C. E., Gupta, V. V. S. R., Grace, P. R.. Melbourne: CSIRO Information Services, pp. 182–93.Google Scholar
Perruchoud, D. O. (1996) Modeling the dynamic of non-living organic carbon in a changing climate: a case study for temperate forests. Ph.D. thesis.
Plentinger, M. C. and Penning de Vries, F. W. T. (eds) (1996) CAMASE: Register of Agro-ecosystems Models. Available at http://library.wur.nl/way/bestanden/clc/1763788.pdf.
Post, W. M., Emanuel, W. R., Zinke, P. J. and Stangenberger, A. G. (1982) Soil carbon pools and world life zones. Nature, 298, 156–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, W. M., Pastor, J., Zinke, P. J. and Stangenberger, A. G. (1985) Global patterns of soil-nitrogen storage. Nature, 317, 613–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, W. M., King, A. W. and Wullschleger, S. D. (1996) Soil organic matter models and global estimates of soil organic carbon. In Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models Using Existing, Long-term Data-sets, ed. Powlson, D. S., Smith, P. and Smith, J. U.. NATO ASI Vol. I38. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 201–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Potter, C. S., Randerson, J. T., Field, C. B.et al. (1993) Terrestrial ecosystem production: a process-model based on global satellite and surface data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 7, 811–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rijtema, P. E. and Kroes, J. G. (1991) Some results of nitrogen simulations with the model ANIMO. Fertilizer Research, 27, 189–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romanya, J., Cortina, J., Falloon, P., Coleman, K. and Smith, P. (2000) Modelling changes in soil organic matter after planting fast-growing Pinus radiata on Mediterranean agricultural soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 51, 627–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryzhova, I. M. (1993) Analysis of sensitivity of soil vegetation systems to variations in carbon turnover parameters based on a mathematical-model. Eurasian Soil Science, 25, 43–50.Google Scholar
Saggar, S., Tate, K. R., Feltham, C. W., Childs, C. W., Parshotam, A. (1994) Carbon turnover in a range of allophanic soils amended with 14C-labelled glucose. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 26, 1263–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schevtsova, L. K. and Mikhailov, B. G. (1992) Control of Soil Humus Balance Based on Statistical Analysis of Long-term Field Experiments Database. Moscow (in Russian): VIUA.Google Scholar
Schimel, D. S., Braswell, B. H., Holland, E. A.et al. (1994) Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage and turnover of carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 8, 279–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shang, C. and Tiessen, H. (1998) Organic matter stabilization in two semiarid tropical soils: size, density, and magnetic separations. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 62, 1247–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sierra, J. and Renault, P. (1996) Respiratory activity and oxygen distribution in natural aggregates in relation to anaerobiosis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60, 1428–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirotenko, O. D. (1991) The USSR climate-soil-yield simulation system. Meteorologia i Gidrologia (in Russian), 4, 67–73.Google Scholar
Skopp, J., Jawson, M. D. and Doran, J. W. (1990) Steady-state aerobic microbial activity as a function of soil-water content. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 54, 1619–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, J. U., Bradbury, N. J. and Addiscott, T. M. (1996a) SUNDIAL: a PC-based system for simulating nitrogen dynamics in arable land. Agronomy Journal, 88, 38–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P., Smith, J. U. and Powlson, D. S. (1996b) Soil Organic Matter Network (SOMNET): 1996 Model and Experimental Metadata. Wallingford, UK.Google Scholar
Smith, P., Powlson, D. S., Smith, J. U. and Glendining, M. J. (1996c) The GCTE SOMNET: a global network and database of soil organic matter models and long-term data-sets. Soil Use and Management, 108, 57.Google Scholar
Smith, P., Smith, J. U., Powlson, D. S.et al. (1997) A comparison of the performance of nine soil organic matter models using datasets from seven long-term experiments. Geoderma, 81, 153–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P., Andren, O., Brussaard, L.et al. (1998) Soil biota and global change at the ecosystem level: describing soil biota in mathematical models. Global Change Biology, 4, 773–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, P., Falloon, P., Coleman, K.et al. (1999) Modelling soil carbon dynamics in tropical ecosystems. In Global Climate Change and Tropical Soils (Advances in Soil Science), ed. Lal, R., Kimble, J. M., Follett, R. F. and Stewart, B. A.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 341–64.Google Scholar
Smith, P., Smith, J. U., Flynn, H.et al. (2007) ECOSSE: Estimating Carbon in Organic Soils: Sequestration and Emissions. Final Report. SEERAD Report.
Tate, K. R., Giltrap, D. J., Parshotam, A.et al. (1996) Impacts of climate change on soils and land systems in New Zealand. In Greenhouse 1994: Coping with Climate Change, ed. Bouma, W., Pearman, G. and Manning, M. R.. Adelaide: CSIRO Press, pp. 190–204.Google Scholar
Thornley, J. H. M. and Verberne, E. L. J. (1989) A model of nitrogen flows in grassland. Plant Cell and Environment, 12, 863–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dam, D. and Breemen, N. (1995) NICCE: a model for cycling of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in coniferous forest ecosystems. Ecological Modelling, 79, 255–75.Google Scholar
Vanclooster, M., Viaene, P., Diels, J. and Feyen, J. (1995) A deterministic evaluation analysis applied to an integrated soil-crop model. Ecological Modelling, 81, 183–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Verberne, E. L. J., Hassink, J., Dewilligen, P., Groot, J. J. R. and Vanveen, J. A. (1990) Modeling organic-matter dynamics in different soils. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 38, 221–38.Google Scholar
Whitmore, A. P., Klein-Gunnewiek, H., Crocker, G. J.et al. (1997) Simulating trends in soil organic carbon in long-term experiments using the Verberne/MOTOR model. Geoderma, 81, 137–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, J. R. (1990) The erosion-productivity impact calculator (EPIC) model: a case history. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 329, 421–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woomer, P. L. (1993) Modelling soil organic matter dynamics in tropical ecosystmes: model adoption, uses and limitations. In Soil Organic Matter Dynamics and Sustainability of Tropical Agriculture, ed. Mulongoy, K. and Merckx, R.. IITA, K. U. Leuven and Wiley-Sayce, pp. 279–94.Google Scholar
Zogg, G. P., Zak, D. R., Ringelberg, D. B.et al. (1997) Compositional and functional shifts in microbial communities due to soil warming. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61, 475–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×