Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vfjqv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T05:31:07.569Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - Criteria for identifying jökulhlaup deposits in the sedimentary record

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 May 2010

By
Philip M. Marren  and
Matthias Schuh
Edited by
Devon M. Burr ,
Paul A. Carling  and
Victor R. Baker
Devon M. Burr
Affiliation:
University of Tennessee
Paul A. Carling
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
Victor R. Baker
Affiliation:
University of Arizona
Get access

Summary

Summary

A wide variety of sedimentary structures occur in modern jökulhlaup deposits and an important question arises when trying to identify jökulhlaup deposits in the sedimentary record: which sedimentary structures are distinctive of jökulhlaup deposition? A given sedimentary structure can be formed by more than one process, and in isolation cannot be used to distinguish a jökulhlaup deposit from those formed by other fluvial and flood processes. This chapter identifies those sedimentary structures that are thought to be unique or highly distinctive in jökulhlaups. Some structures are only formed by jökulhlaups in the proglacial environment, but can be found in other fluvial environments. Distinctive sedimentary features of jökulhlaup flows may include hyperconcentrated flow deposits, thick (greater than 5m) upwards coarsening units formed by accretion during the rising stage of a flood and large gravel cross-beds (indicating formation by large gravel dunes) and flood bar deposits. Additional, non-distinctive indicators of jökulhlaup deposition include reactivation surfaces in gravel bedforms, widespread erosion surfaces and consistent palaeoflow indicators. Ice-block and rip-up clast related sedimentary structures are also non-unique, given that they can be formed under non-flood conditions, but their size and numbers are many times greater when formed by a jökulhlaup. To illustrate the points made in the review, this chapter presents a case study using ground-penetrating radar data that describe the sediments of a flood bar deposited during the November 1996 jökulhlaup in Iceland.

Type
Chapter
Information
Megaflooding on Earth and Mars , pp. 225 - 242
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, J., Bridge, J.S., Cheel, R.J. and Leclair, S.F. (2001). Bedforms and associated sedimentary structures formed under supercritical water flows over aggrading sand beds. Sedimentology, 48, 133–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alho, P. and Aaltonen, J. (2008). Comparing a 1D hydraulic model with a 2D hydraulic model for the simulation of extreme glacial outburst floods. Hydrological Processes, 22, 1537–1547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alho, P., Russell, A.J., Carrivick, J.L. and Käyhkö, J. (2005). Reconstruction of the largest Holocene jökulhlaup within Jökulsá á Fjöllum, NE Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 2319–2334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashworth, P.J. and Ferguson, R.I. (1986). Interrelationships of channel processes, changes and sediments in a proglacial braided river. Geografiska Annaler, 68A, 361–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1973). Paleohydrology and Sedimentology of Lake Missoula Flooding in Eastern Washington. Geological Society of America Special Paper 144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, V.R. (1989). Magnitude and frequency of paleofloods. In Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological and Geomorphological Implications, eds. Beven, K. and Carling, P.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 171–183.Google Scholar
Baker, V.R. and Bunker, R.C. (1985). Cataclysmic late Pleistocene flooding from Glacial Lake Missoula: a review. Quaternary Science Reviews, 4, 1–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballantyne, C.K. (1978). Variations in the size of coarse clastic particles over the surface of a small sandur, Ellesmere Island, N.W.T., Canada. Sedimentology, 25, 141–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batalla, R.J., Jong, C., Ergenzinger, P. and Sala, M. (1999). Field observations on hyperconcentrated flows in mountain torrents. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 24, 247–253.3.0.CO;2-1>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benvenuti, M. and Martini, I.P. (2002). Analysis of terrestrial hyperconcentrated flows and their deposits. In Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. Martini, I.P., Baker, V.R. and Garón, G.. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists, Vol. 32, pp. 167–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Best, J. L. (1996). The fluid dynamics of small-scale alluvial bedforms. In Advances in Fluvial Dynamics and Stratigraphy, eds. Carling, P.A. and Dawson, M.D.. Chichester, UK: Wiley, pp. 67–125.Google Scholar
Björnsson, H. (1997). Grímsvatnahlaup fyrr og nú. In Vatnajókull: Gos og Hlaup, ed. Haraldsson, H.. Reykjavík: Vegargerðin, 61–77.Google Scholar
Boothroyd, J. C. and Nummedal, D. (1978). Proglacial braided outwash: a model for humid alluvial fan deposits. In Fluvial Sedimentology, ed. Miall, A.D.. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 5, pp. 641–668.Google Scholar
Branney, M.J. and Gilbert, J.S. (1995). Ice-melt collapse pits and associated features in the 1991 lahar deposits of Volcán Hudson, Chile: criteria to distinguish eruption induced glacier melt. Bulletin of Volcanology, 57, 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, G.H. (2002). A large-scale flood event in 1994 from the mid-Canterbury Plains, New Zealand, and implications for ancient fluvial deposits. In Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. Martine, I.P., Baker, V.R. and Garzón, G.. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 32, pp. 99–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carling, P.A. (1996a). Morphology, sedimentology and paleohydraulic significance of large gravel dunes: Altai Mountains, Siberia. Sedimentology, 43, 647–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carling, P.A. (1996b). A preliminary palaeohydraulic model applied to Late-Quaternary gravel dunes: Altai Mountains, Siberia. In Global Continental Changes: The Context of Palaeohydrology, eds. Branson, J., Gregory, K.J. and Brown, A.. Geological Society of London Special Publication 115, pp. 165–179.Google Scholar
Carling, P.A. (1999). Subaqueous gravel dunes. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 69, 534–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carling, P.A. and Shvidchenko, A.B. (2002). A consideration of the dune:antidune transition in fine gravel. Sedimentology, 49, 1269–1282.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carling, P.A., Kirkbride, A.D., Parnachov, S., Borodavko, P.S. and Berger, G.W. (2002). Late Quaternary catastrophic flooding in the Altai Mountains of south-central Siberia: a synoptic overview and an introduction to flood deposit sedimentology. In Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. Martini, I.P., Baker, V.R. and Garzón, G.. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 32, pp. 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carson, M. A. (1984). The meandering braided river threshold: a reappraisal. Journal of Hydrology, 73, 315–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrivick, J.L. (2007a). Hydrodynamics and geomorphic work of jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) from Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland. Hydrological Processes, 21, 725–740.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrivick, J.L. (2007b). Modelling coupled hydraulics and sediment transport of a high-magnitude flood and associated landscape change. Annals of Glaciology, 45, 143–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrivick, J.L. and Rushmer, E.L. (2006). Understanding high-magnitude outburst floods. Geology Today, 22, 60–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrivick, J.L., Russell, A.J. and Tweed, F.S. (2004a). Geomorphological evidence for jökulhlaups from Kverkfjöll volcano, Iceland. Geomorphology, 63, 81–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrivick, J.L., Russell, A.J., Tweed, F.S. and Twigg, D. (2004b). Palaeohydrology and sedimentary impacts of jokulhlaups from Kverkfjoll, Iceland. Sedimentary Geology, 172, 19–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, N.J., Russell, A.J., Marren, P.M.et al. (2003). GPR-derived architecture of November 1996 jökulhlaup deposits, Skeiðarársandur, Iceland. In Ground Penetrating Radar in Sediments, eds. Bristow, C.S. and Jol, H.M.. Geological Society of London Special Publication 211, pp. 153–166.Google Scholar
Cenderelli, D.A. and Wohl, E.E. (2003). Flow hydraulics and geomorphic effects of glacial-lake outburst floods in the Mount Everest Region, Nepal. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 28, 385–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, M. (1988). Floods in cold climates. In Flood Geomorphology, eds. Baker, V.R., Kochel, R.C. and Patton, P.C.. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 205–229.Google Scholar
Church, M. and Gilbert, R. (1975). Proglacial fluvial and lacustrine environments. In Glaciofluvial and Glaciolacustrine Sedimentation, eds. Jopling, A.V. and McDonald, B.C.. SEPM Special Publication 23, pp. 22–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, J.J. (1975). Sedimentology and paleohydrology of Late Wisconsinan outwash, Rocky Mountain Trench, southeastern British Columbia. In Glaciofluvial and Glaciolacustrine Sedimentation, eds. Jopling, A.V. and McDonald, B.C.. SEPM Special Publication 23, pp. 223–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, J.J. and Mathews, W.H. (1973). The magnitude of jökulhlaups. Journal of Glaciology, 12, 501–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clague, J.J. and Rampton, V.N. (1982). Neoglacial Lake Alsek. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19, 94–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, G.K.C. (1982). Glacier outburst floods from “Hazard Lake”, Yukon Territory, and the problem of flood magnitude prediction. Journal of Glaciology, 28, 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collinson, J.D. (1971). Some effects of ice on a river bed. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 41, 557–564.Google Scholar
Costa, J.E. (1984). Physical geomorphology of debris flows. In Developments and Applications of Geomorphology, eds. Costa, J.E. and Fleisher, P.J.. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 268–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, J.E. (1988a). Rheologic, geomorphic, and sedimentologic differentiation of water floods, hyperconcentrated flows and debris flows. In Flood Geomorphology, eds. Baker, V.R., Kochel, R.C. and Patton, P.C.. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 113–122.Google Scholar
Costa, J.E. (1988b). Floods from dam failures. In Flood Geomorphology, eds. Baker, V.R., Kocgel, R.C. and Patton, P.C.. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 439–463.Google Scholar
Davis, T.R.H., Smart, C.C. and Turnbull, J.M. (2003). Water and sediment outbursts from advanced Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 28, 1081–1096.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawson, M.R. (1989). Flood deposits present within the Severn main terrace. In Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological and Geomorphological Implications, eds. Bevan, K. and Carling, P.A.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 253–264.Google Scholar
Desloges, J.R., Jones, D.P. and Ricker, K.E. (1989). Estimates of peak discharge from the drainage of ice-dammed Ape Lake, British Columbia. Journal of Glaciology, 35, 349–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diffendal, R.F. (1984). Armored mud balls and friable sand megaclasts from a complex early Pleistocene alluvial fill, southwestern Morrill County, Nebraska. Journal of Geology, 92, 325–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fahnestock, R.K. and Bradley, W.C. (1973). Knik and Matanuska Rivers, Alaska: a contrast in braiding. In Fluvial Geomorphology, ed. Morisawa, M.. Binghamton Symposia in Geomorphology, Vol. 4, pp. 220–250.Google Scholar
Fay, H. (2002a). Formation of ice block obstacle marks during the November 1996 glacier outburst flood (jökulhlaup), Skeiðarársandur, southern Iceland. In Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. Martini, I.P., Baker, V.R. and Garzón, G.. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 32, pp. 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fay, H. (2002b). Formation of kettle holes following a glacial outburst flood (jökulhlaup), Skeiðarársandur, southern Iceland. In The Extremes of the Extremes: Extraordinary Floods, eds. Snorrason, Á. and Finnsdóttir, H.P.. IAHS Publication, Vol. 271, pp. 205–210.Google Scholar
Gomez, B., Smith, L.C., Magilligan, F.J., Mertes, L.A.K. and Smith, N.D. (2000). Glacier outburst floods and outwash plain development: Skeiðarársandur, Iceland. Terra Nova, 12, 126–131.Google Scholar
Guðmundsson, M.T., Björnsson, H. and Pálsson, F. (1995). Changes in jökulhlaup sizes in Grímsvötn, Vatnajökull, Iceland, 1934–91, deduced from in-situ measurements of subglacial lake volume. Journal of Glaciology, 41, 263–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, S., Glasser, N., Winchester, V.et al. (2006). A glacial lake outburst flood associated with recent mountain glacier retreat, Patagonian Andes. The Holocene, 16, 611–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huggenberger, P. (1993). Radar facies: recognition of facies patterns and heterogeneities within Pleistocene Rhine gravels, NE Switzerland. In Braided Rivers, eds. Best, J.L. and Bristow, C.S.. Geological Society of London Special Publication 75, pp. 163–176.Google Scholar
Huggenberger, P., Carling, P.A., Scotney, T., Kirkbride, A. and Parnachov, S.V. (1998). GPR as a tool to elucidate the depositional processes of giant gravel dunes produced by late Pleistocene superflooding, Altai, Siberia. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Vol. 1, Radar Systems and Remote Sensing. University of Kansas, USA, pp. 279–28.Google Scholar
Kochel, R.C. and Baker, V.R. (1988). Paleoflood analysis using slackwater deposits. In Flood Geomorphology, eds. Baker, V.R., Kochel, R.C. and Patton, P.C.. New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 169–187.Google Scholar
Kostic, B., Süss, M.P. and Aigner, T. (2007). Three-dimensional sedimentary architecture of Quaternary sand and gravel resources: a case study of economic sedimentology (SW Germany). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 96, 743–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krainer, K. and Poscher, G. (1990). Ice-rich, redeposited diamicton blocks and associated structures in Quaternary outwash sediment of the Inn Valley near Innsbruck, Austria. Geografiska Annaler, 72A, 249–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lunt, I.A. and Bridge, J.S. (2004). Evolution and deposits of a gravelly braid bar, Sagavanirktok River, Alaska. Sedimentology, 51, 415–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lunt, I.A., Bridge, J.S. and Tye, R.S. (2004). A quantitative, three-dimensional depositional model of gravelly braided rivers. Sedimentology, 51, 377–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magilligan, F.J., Gomez, B., Mertes, L.A.K.et al. (2002). Geomorphic effectiveness, sandur development, and the pattern of landscape response jökulhlaups: Skeiðarársandur, southeastern Iceland. Geomorphology, 44, 95–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1977). Experiments on the origin of kettle holes. Journal of Glaciology, 18, 291–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1979). Proglacial aggradation and changes in braided channel patterns during a period of glacier advance: an Alpine example. Geografiska Annaler, 61A, 87–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1989a). Sedimentology, paleoflow dynamics and flood history of jökulhlaup deposits: paleohydrology of Holocene sediment sequences in southern Iceland sandur deposits. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 59, 204–223.Google Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1989b). Sedimentology and palaeohydrology of Holocene flood deposits in front of a jökulhlaup glacier, south Iceland. In Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological and Geomorphological Implications, eds. Bevan, K. and Carling, P.A.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 239–251.Google Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1991). The origin and evolution of Holocene flood deposits in front of a jökulhlaup glacier, south Iceland. In Environmental Change in Iceland: Past and Present, eds. Maizels, J.K. and Caseldine, C.. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 267–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1992). Boulder ring structures produced during jökulhlaup flows: origin and hydraulic significance. Geografiska Annaler, 74A, 21–33.Google Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1993). Lithofacies variations within sandur deposits: the role of runoff regime, flow dynamics and sediment supply characteristics. Sedimentary Geology, 85, 299–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1995). Sediments and landforms of modern proglacial terrestrial environments. In Modern Glacial Environments, ed. Menzies, J.. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 365–416.Google Scholar
Maizels, J.K. (1997). Jökulhlaup deposits in proglacial areas. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 793–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maizels, J.K. and Russell, A.J. (1992). Quaternary perspectives on jökulhlaup prediction. In Applications of Quaternary Research. Quaternary Proceedings, Vol. 2, ed. Gray, J.M.. Cambridge: Quaternary Research Association, pp. 133–153.Google Scholar
Marren, P.M. (2001). Sedimentology of proglacial rivers in eastern Scotland during the Late Devensian. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 92, 149–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marren, P.M. (2002a). Criteria for distinguishing high magnitude flood events in the proglacial fluvial sedimentary record. In The Extremes of the Extremes: Extraordinary Floods, eds. Snorrason, Á., Finnsdóttir, H.P. and Moss, M.. IAHS Publication, Vol. 271, pp. 237–241.Google Scholar
Marren, P.M. (2002b). Glacier margin fluctuations, Skaftafellsjökull, Iceland: implications for sandur evolution. Boreas, 31, 75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marren, P.M. (2002c). Fluvial-lacustrine interaction on Skeiðarársandur, Iceland: implications for sandur evolution. Sedimentary Geology, 149, 43–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marren, P.M. (2005). Magnitude and frequency in proglacial rivers: a geomorphological and sedimentological perspective. Earth Science Reviews, 70, 203–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marren, P.M., Russell, A.J. and Knudsen, Ó. (2002). Discharge magnitude and frequency as a control on proglacial fluvial sedimentary systems. In The Structure, Function and Management Implications of Fluvial Sedimentary Systems, eds. Dyer, F., Thoms, M.C. and Olley, J.M.. IAHS Publication, Vol. 276, pp. 297–303.Google Scholar
Martini, I.P., Kwong, J.K. and Sadura, S. (1993). Sediment ice rafting and cold climate fluvial deposits: Albany River, Ontario, Canada. In Alluvial Sedimentation, eds. Marzo, M. and Puidefábregas, C.. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication, Vol. 17, pp. 63–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neal, A. (2004). Ground-penetrating radar and its use in sedimentology: principles, problems and progress. Earth Science Reviews, 66, 261–330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, A. P. and Sambrook Smith, G.H. (1998). Relationships between flow hydraulics, sediment supply, bedload transport and channel stability in the proglacial Virkisa River, Iceland. Geografiska Annaler, 80A, 111–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Connor, J.E. (1993). Hydrology, Hydraulics and Geomorphology of the Bonneville Flood. Geological Society of America Special Paper 274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paola, C. (1986). Skin friction behind isolated hemispheres and the formation of obstacle marks. Sedimentology, 33, 279–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Picard, M.D. and High, L.R. (1973). Sedimentary Structures of Ephemeral streams. Developments in Sedimentology 17, Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Richardson, P. (1968). The generation of scour marks near obstacles. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 38, 965–970.Google Scholar
Roberts, M.J. (2005). Jökulhlaups: a reassessment of floodwater flow through glaciers. Reviews of Geophysics, 43 (1), RG1002, doi:10.1029/2003RG000147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudoy, A.N. (2002). Glacier-dammed lakes and geological work of glacial superfloods in the Late Pleistocene, Southern Siberia, Altai Mountains. Quaternary International, 87, 119–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudoy, A.N. and Baker, V.R. (1993). Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia. Sedimentary Geology, 85, 53–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushmer, E.L. (2006). Sedimentological and geomorphological impacts of the jökulhlaup (glacial outburst flood) in January 2002 at Kverkfjöll, northern Iceland. Geografiska Annaler, 88A, 43–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rushmer, E.L. (2007). Physical-scale modelling of jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) with contrasting hydrograph shapes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 32, 954–963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, A.J. (1993). Obstacle marks produced by flow around stranded ice blocks during a jökulhlaup in west Greenland. Sedimentology, 40, 1091–1111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, A.J. (2009). Jökulhlaup (ice-dammed lake outburst flood) impact within a valley-confined sandur subject to backwater conditions, Kangerlussuaq, West Greenland. Sedimentary Geology, 215, 33–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, A.J. and Knudsen, Ó. (1999). Controls on the sedimentology of the November 1996 jökulhlaup deposits, Skeiðarársandur, Iceland. In Fluvial Sedimentology VI, eds. Smith, N.D. and Rogers, J.International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication, 28, pp. 315–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, A.J. and Knudsen, Ó. (2002). The effects of glacier outburst flood flow dynamics on ice-contact deposits: November 1996 jökulhlaup deposit, Skeiðarársandur, Iceland. In Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits: Recent and Ancient Examples, eds. Martini, I.P., Baker, V.R. and Garzón, G.. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 32, pp. 67–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, A.J. and Marren, P.M. (1998). A Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond Stadial) jökulhlaup deposit, Fort Augustus, Scotland. Boreas, 27, 231–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, A.J. and Marren, P.M. (1999). Proglacial fluvial sedimentary sequences in Greenland and Iceland: a case study from active proglacial environments subject to jökulhlaups. In The Description and Analysis of Quaternary Stratigraphic Field Sections, eds. Jones, A.P., Tucker, M.E. and Hart, J.K.. Quaternary Research Association Technical Guide, Vol. 7, pp. 171–208.Google Scholar
Russell, A.J., Knudsen, Ó., Fay, H.et al. (2001). Morphology and sedimentology of a giant supraglacial, ice-walled, jökulhlaup channel, Skeiðarársandur, Iceland. Global and Planetary Change, 28, 203–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, A.J., Tweed, F.S., Knudsen, Ó.et al. (2002). The geomorphic impact and sedimentary characteristics of the July 1999 jökulhlaup on the Jökulsá á Sólheimasandi, Mýrdalsjökull, southern Iceland. In The Extremes of the Extremes: Extraordinary Floods, eds. Snorasson, A., Finnsdóttir, H.P. and Moss, M.. IAHS Publication 271, pp. 249–254.Google Scholar
Russell, A.J., Roberts, M.J., Fay, H.et al. (2006). Icelandic jökulhlaup impacts: implications for ice-sheet hydrology, sediment transfer and geomorphology. Geomorphology, 75, 33–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegenthaler, C. and Huggenberger, P. (1993). Pleistocene Rhine gravel: deposits of a braided river system with dominant pool preservation. In Braided Rivers, eds. Best, J.L. and Bristow, C.S.. Geological Society Special Publication, Vol. 75, pp. 147–162.Google Scholar
Smith, L.C., Alsdorf, D.E., Magilligan, F.J.et al. (2000). Estimation of erosion, deposition, and net volumetric change caused by the 1996 Skeiðarársandur jökulhlaup, Iceland, from SAR inferometry. Water Resources Research, 36, 1583–1594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, L.C., Sheng, Y., Magilligan, F.J.et al. (2006). Geomorphic impact and rapid subsequent recovery from the 1996 Skeiðarársandur jökulhlaup, Iceland, measured with multi-year airbourne lidar. Geomorphology, 75, 65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snorrason, Á., Jónsson, P. and Pálsson, S.et al. (1997). Hlaupið á Skeiðarársandi haustið 1996: Útbreiðsla, rennsli og aurburður. In Vatnajókull: Gos og Hlaup, ed. Haraldsson, H.. Reykjavík: Vegargerðin, pp. 79–137.Google Scholar
Thompson, A.P. and Jones, A. (1986). Rates and causes of proglacial river terrace formation in southeast Iceland: an application of lichenometric dating techniques. Boreas, 15, 231–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Þórarinsson, S. (1974). Vötnin Stríð. Saga Skeiðarárhlaupa og Grímsvatnagosa. Reykjavík: Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóðs.Google Scholar
Tweed, F.S. and Russell, A.J. (1999). Controls on the formation and sudden drainage of glacier-impounded lakes: implications for jökulhlaup characteristics. Progress in Physical Geography, 23, 79–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walder, J.S. and Costa, J.H. (1996). Outburst floods from glacier-dammed lakes: the effect of mode of lake drainage on flood magnitude. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 21, 701–723.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warburton, J. (1994). Channel change in relation to meltwater flooding, Bas Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Geomorphology, 11, 141–149.Google Scholar
Wohl, E.E. and Enzel, Y. (1995). Data for palaeohydrology. In Global Continental Palaeohydrology, eds. Gregory, K.J., Starkel, L. and Baker, V.R.. New York: John Wiley, pp. 23–59.Google Scholar
Yalin, M.S. (1992). River Mechanics. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×