Introduction

Problems with the urban distribution of coal were felt from the war's outset in all three cities, and in each case a significant proportion of the population faced both chronic and acute shortages. This chapter tells part of the story of material constraints and administrative reactions in wartime.

The case of coal illustrates well how administrators came up with differing strategies for dealing with wartime shortages in the domestic supply of coal for heating, lighting, and cooking. The measures promulgated in the three capital cities, and their outcomes, shed light on social relations within these cities in the war years and beyond.

The strategies followed by the British and German authorities to supply these populations with coal were antithetical to one another; and just as in other aspects of the economic history of the war, French responses to the problems of coal distribution reflected elements of both German and British policies. These differences may be summarized as follows:

1. In London: planning and organization under favourable conditions, with a relative abundance of coal, though with some serious short-term shortages. […]