The basic administrative goals of tax policy are uncontroversial: taxes should be easy to understand and comply with, and they should be enforced and administered in a competent and fair manner. Despite nearly universal agreement on these goals, administrative concerns raise difficult issues for researchers and policy makers. Researchers have not reached consensus regarding many of the most basic questions about the existing tax system, such as the costs of compliance and the determinants of tax evasion. Even when research does produce reliable answers to these questions, policy makers face difficult trade-offs both among various administrative goals and between administrative goals and other widely held goals of tax policy, such as equity and efficiency.

Administrative issues have also been in the forefront of efforts to reform taxes in recent years. Perhaps the most common complaint about the existing tax system is the level of complexity. The nature of activities undertaken by the Internal Revenue Service has also proved highly controversial. The desire to address these issues generates much of the impetus for fundamental tax reform – replacing the current system with either the flat tax or a national retail sales tax.

This chapter examines the role of administrative factors in tax policy and tax reform. After summarizing conceptual and measurement issues relating to tax complexity and tax evasion, we explore why complexity and evasion continue to exist.