To what extent did the rulers of Languedoc share a common ideological perspective? Viewing the course of political events from their various geographical and institutional vantage points, what did they desire of the king, his government, their society, and what were they afraid of? Information on their attitudes is available in abundance in speeches, letters, and reports, and though most of it is of a highly public nature unlikely to reveal secret antagonisms or seditious inclinations, these stated intentions are nevertheless a good indication of the parameters of their world-view. This diverse body of material reveals both common aspirations and divergences of interest.

COMMON VALUES

The rulers of Languedoc started out with a common frame of reference derived from their social environment. Most of them enjoyed great wealth, belonging to a world of town houses and country estates within which their lives were lived according to familiar patterns of aristocratic courtesy: exchanges of visits and compliments, periodic changes of residence, attendance by ‘courts’ of servants and followers. All were literate, and all spoke and wrote in French, though one suspects that those of local origin were not free from manners that would have struck Parisians as decidedly meridional. More important, all had some access to a humanist–theological education which offered a common frame of reference for discussion of power and morality, though their facility in using it ranged from certain country nobles' smattering of learning to the vast erudition of some prelates and jurists.